Perception, Language, Emotion and Consciousness. Flashcards
Describe Wavelength.
An important determinant of perceived colour.
Describe Amplitude.
An Important determinant of perceived brightness.
What is light?
Electromagnetic Radiation.
What 2 waves does light consist of?
Amplitude and Wavelength.
The optic nerve is the back link to the brain, true or false?
True
The Fovea sits just above the optic nerve, true or false?
True
The rods and cones are in the fovea, true or false?
False they are in the retina which also contain the fovea.
What is the retina made up of?
Made up of light sensitive cells called Rods and Cones.
What is the Fovea for?
Specialised for perception of fine detail. Small about 1-2 degree in diametre.
Explain Cones in Duplex’s Theory of Vision.
Cone are predominantly for day time vision, responsible for seeing colour. You have about 6 million cones in your retina, foveal vision is part of cones only. Your perineal vision decreases the density fo cones.
Explain Rods in Duplex’s Theory of Vision.
Rods are for night vision, don’t pick up colour or detail as well as cones. There are about 120 million rods in your retina. There are no rods in your fovea, more rods in your peripheral.
What are the 2 modes of seeing the Duplex’s Theory fo Vision?
- Photopic
2. Scotopic.
Explain Photopic Vision.
Used in normal daylight and lots of detail is given. Low sensitivity to light but high acuity.
Explain Scotopic Vision.
Dark adaptation, using rods and high sensitivity/low acuity.
What are Gestalt’s 4 Principles of Perceptual Organisation?
- Proximity
- Similarity
- Continuity
- Closure.
Explain Gestalt’s Proximity.
If different elements are close together we tend to put those together as the same object.
Explain Gestalt’s Similarity.
If things have similarities of colour or shape we will put these together.
Explain Gestalt’s Continuity.
When things link we identify continuity.
Explain Gestalt’s Closure.
We complete objects to construct them and give us perception of the object.
What did Hermann Von Helmholtz say about perception?
Perception is a process of unconscious inference.
What are the 2 depth cues?
- Binocular
2. Monocular
What are the 2 types of Binocular Depth?
- Convergence
2. Disparity
Explain Binocular Convergence.
The larger the angle the nearer the object. This is telling us how far away it is. Mostly works for thing relatively close to us. This is all about angles and movement of the eye.
Explain Binocular Disparity.
Each eye gets a different view because they are separate and this form of depth puts these together to give us vivid depth perceptions. This is not about movement this about joining the 2 views.
What are Monocular cues also known as?
Pictorial depth cues.
What are the 6 parts of Monocular Depth?
- Occlusion
- Linear
- Familiar Size
- Shading and Lighting
- Texture and Gradient
- Motion
Explain Occlusion.
This is when we see something in front of the other and go for the simplest answer but is not always true.
Explain Linear Perspective.
We use lines to help us with depth.
Explain Familiar Size.
This is when we use size of (often comparative to the surroundings) something to help us decipher how close something is.
Explain Shading and Lighting.
We also use shading and lighting to help us with depth. We assume that light comes from above.
Explain Texture Gradient .
We use texture and how close things are together will help us perceive how how far away they are. E.g. Trees might be 3m apart when you are next to them but in the distance they look close together. Texture can also help us with curvature and the shape of things.
Explain Motion.
Motion parallax, close items move quick, distant objects hardly move. So how quickly they move when we change our view will help us perceive the depth.
What are the 2 parts of perceiving constancy?
- Size Constancy
2. Shape Constancy
Explain Size Constancy.
This is when we use our constancy mechanisms to take into account the distance and scale them to the surroundings. Although not always we use linear cues alot for this.
Explain Shape Constancy.
This is when we use our constancy mechanism to identify shapes and their shape regardless of the angle.
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
- Occipital lobes (V1)
- Temporal lobes
- Parietal lobes
- Frontal lobes
What are the 2 visual pathways?
- Ventral Stream
2. Dorsal Stream
Explain the Ventral Stream.
Ventral Stream - ‘what’ pathway
Damage to ventral stream impairs the ability to recognise common objects.
Conscious perception of the visual world.
Controls conscious awareness.
Explain the Dorsal Stream.
Dorsal Stream - ‘where’ Pathway.
Damage to this stream impairs the ability to locate objects in space.
Visual information necessary for performing visually guided actions.
Reaching, grasping, avoiding obstacles.
Catching
Rapid & non-conscious activity.
Controls Actions.
What is the Milner and Goodale Theory called?
Ventral and Dorsal Visual Streams Theory.
Who made this theory: Ventral and Dorsal Visual Streams Theory?
Milner and Goodale.
What was the major influence for the Ventral and Dorsal Visual Streams Theory?
Neuropsychology
What was a major influence of the Ventral and Dorsal Visual Streams Theory?
DF Patent.
What was DF patients outline?
DF suffered from monoxide poisoning. This damaged her Ventral Stream. This then meant she had a difficulty recognising common objects or shapes. One example from this subject was: Her condition meant she could not identify any parts of the slot but if you asked her to put something in the slot, she could do this perfectly.
What is transient blindness?
Brief loss of vision.
What are the 2 types of transient blindness?
- Change Blindness
2. Inattentional Blindness
Explain Change Blindness.
Patients fail to notice apparently major changes. There are clear visual signals but they fail to see it. The more central objects are more easily detected but peripheral is tricky.
Explain Inattentional Blindness.
It fails because you are asked to focus on one particular thing and ignore something else. In the monkey business illusion I was so focussed on watching the white team pass the ball I missed the curtain colour change, the gorilla and the black team player leaving.
