perception and palpation Flashcards

1
Q

the building blocks of OPP

A

touch, perception, palpation

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2
Q

define touch

A

a perception derived from neural activity in a complex network that includes the somatic sensory system (including portions of cortical regions in the cerebrum)

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3
Q

define perception

A

the conscious mental registration / awareness of a sensory stimulus

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4
Q

define receptive field

A

the area within which a stimulus excites a cell (causing it to fire an action potential or alter the firing of the neuron associated with it)

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5
Q

define two point discrimination

A

the ability to discern that two nearby objects are touching the skin at two distinct points

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6
Q

3 classifications of sensory receptors

A

exteroceptors (external environment)

interoceptors (internal environment)

proprioceptors (position of body)

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7
Q

define stereognosis in terms of perception

A

the ability to recognize the 3D shape of an object solely based on touch

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8
Q

define threshold in terms of perception

A

the least amount of energy / force needed to cause a measurable response

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9
Q

define adaptation in terms of perception

A

when a continuous sensory stimulus is applied the receptors initially respond at a high impulse rate but then drop off until they may no longer respond

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10
Q

define palpation

A

applying the fingers with varying pressure to the surface of the body during physical diagnosis

for the purpose of determining the condition of the parts beneath

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11
Q

in what context should you palpate?

A

in a clinical setting it is in the context of a complete history and physical exam

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12
Q

mechanoreceptors are sensitive to …

A

physical distortion: bending / stretching / vibration / pressure

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13
Q

nociceptors signal …

A

that the body is being damaged / is at risk of being damaged

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14
Q

thermoreceptors are …

A

receptors that are sensitive to extreme hot /cold

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15
Q

proprioceptors function in …

A

measuring muscle length and tendon / limb position so the body knows its location / speed / orientation

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16
Q

underlying the epidermis, there are 2 major groups of primary afferent nerve endings within the dermis:

A

I. free endings

II. encapsulated endings

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17
Q

free nerve endings in the dermis function to … and they are …

A

give sensation of general contact with an object

un-myelinated or lightly myelinated

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18
Q

encapsulated nerve endings in the dermis function to … and they are …

A

provide discriminative and localized touch

well-myelinated (group II axons)

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19
Q

merkel discs are …

A

mechanoreceptors

prolonged pressure and texture

located closer to the surface of the dermis

small receptive fields

found in greatest number in finger pads

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20
Q

meissner corpuscles are …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

light touch

located closer to the surface of the dermis

small receptive fields

1/10th the size of pacinian corpuscles

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21
Q

pacinian corpuscles are … that detect …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

pressure / vibration

deep in the dermis

large receptive fields & sensitive centers

onion skin-like encapsulations

22
Q

ruffini endings are …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

skin stretch / prolonged pressure

deep in the dermis

spindle-shaped

23
Q

2 types of receptors with rapidly adapting nerve endings:

A

pacinian corpuscles

meissner corpuscles

(better at recording moving stimulus than a static one)

24
Q

2 types of receptors with slowly adapting nerve endings:

A

merkel discs

ruffini endings

(better at recording a static stimulus than moving one)

25
hair root plexus are ... and detect ...
mechanoreceptors light touch
26
krause end bulbs are ...; detect ...; are found ...
mechanoreceptors simple touch in border regions of dry skin & mucous membranes
27
nociceptors are ...
free, unbranching nerve endings un-myelinated / lightly myelinated
28
the 4 categories of nociceptors:
mechanical (strong pressure from sharp objects) thermal (extreme hot /cold) chemically sensitive (pH) polymodal (a variety of things)
29
1 = 5 =
1 = most sensitive 5 = least sensitive
30
each receptor generates a ... which is then ... by ...
unique sensorineural code conducted into the spinal cord central processes of the primary neurons
31
a sensory pathway is ...
a set of neurons arranged in series: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
32
1st order neuron in a sensory pathway is called ... and is ...; functions to ...
primary afferent periphery-sensory receptors responds to stimulus, transduces it, transmits encoded info (the sensorineural code) to the CNS
33
2nd order neuron in a sensory pathway is called ... and is located ...
secondary afferent spinal cord or brainstem / medulla
34
3rd order in a sensory pathway is located ...
within the thalamus
35
4th order in a sensory pathway is the ...; located ...
somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex where perception occurs (conscious awareness of stimulus)
36
dorsal or posterior columnar-medial lemniscal pathway functions to transmit ... via ... to ...
transmit info about touch / vibration / pressure / texture recognition / stereognosis / 2 pt discrimination / proprioception / kinesthesia from the limbs high speed pathway primary somatic sensory cortex
37
spinothalamic pathway carries ...
info about pain / itch / temp / simple or non discriminative touch
38
what is the sensory homunculus?
distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to the sensation of corresponding skin areas at the postcentral gyrus
39
what is the motor homonculus?
distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to movement of corresponding motor areas at the precentral gyrus
40
altered ex. musicians increase ability vs. loss of a digit
41
examples of proprioceptors:
muscle spindles golgi tendon organs joint / kinesthetic receptors
42
golgi tendon organ is ...
a proprioceptor that detects muscle tension at the junction of a muscle & tendon
43
somatic sensory parietal cortex has a ... that participates in the ... pathway; and a ... that participates in the ... pathway
dorsally directed projection (parietal) "where" pathway (location of stimulus) ventrally directed projection (temporal) "what" pathway (recognizing stimulus)
44
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (in the back of the head) is interconnected with ... and ...; which creates ...
posterior parietal cortex inferior temporal cortex tactile memories and working memories of experiences
45
4 steps of palpation:
reception/detection transmission interpretation amplification
46
reception/detection step of palpation is to ...
discover nature of the object (easier w context) using exteroceptors and proprioceptors
47
transmission step of palpation is when ...
the info gathered is relayed to peripheral and CNS in the brain
48
interpretation step of palpation is when ...
palpatory observations are translated into meaningful knowledge about anatomic / physiologic / pathologic states
49
amplification step of palpation is ...
focusing on what is being palpated ?
50
the human hand is equipped to perceive:
2 pt discrimination texture contour/structure friction/moisture compliance stereognosis temp