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OPP Weeks 1-2 > perception and palpation > Flashcards

perception and palpation Flashcards

1
Q

the building blocks of OPP

A

touch, perception, palpation

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2
Q

define touch

A

a perception derived from neural activity in a complex network that includes the somatic sensory system (including portions of cortical regions in the cerebrum)

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3
Q

define perception

A

the conscious mental registration / awareness of a sensory stimulus

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4
Q

define receptive field

A

the area within which a stimulus excites a cell (causing it to fire an action potential or alter the firing of the neuron associated with it)

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5
Q

define two point discrimination

A

the ability to discern that two nearby objects are touching the skin at two distinct points

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6
Q

3 classifications of sensory receptors

A

exteroceptors (external environment)

interoceptors (internal environment)

proprioceptors (position of body)

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7
Q

define stereognosis in terms of perception

A

the ability to recognize the 3D shape of an object solely based on touch

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8
Q

define threshold in terms of perception

A

the least amount of energy / force needed to cause a measurable response

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9
Q

define adaptation in terms of perception

A

when a continuous sensory stimulus is applied the receptors initially respond at a high impulse rate but then drop off until they may no longer respond

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10
Q

define palpation

A

applying the fingers with varying pressure to the surface of the body during physical diagnosis

for the purpose of determining the condition of the parts beneath

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11
Q

in what context should you palpate?

A

in a clinical setting it is in the context of a complete history and physical exam

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12
Q

mechanoreceptors are sensitive to …

A

physical distortion: bending / stretching / vibration / pressure

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13
Q

nociceptors signal …

A

that the body is being damaged / is at risk of being damaged

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14
Q

thermoreceptors are …

A

receptors that are sensitive to extreme hot /cold

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15
Q

proprioceptors function in …

A

measuring muscle length and tendon / limb position so the body knows its location / speed / orientation

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16
Q

underlying the epidermis, there are 2 major groups of primary afferent nerve endings within the dermis:

A

I. free endings

II. encapsulated endings

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17
Q

free nerve endings in the dermis function to … and they are …

A

give sensation of general contact with an object

un-myelinated or lightly myelinated

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18
Q

encapsulated nerve endings in the dermis function to … and they are …

A

provide discriminative and localized touch

well-myelinated (group II axons)

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19
Q

merkel discs are …

A

mechanoreceptors

prolonged pressure and texture

located closer to the surface of the dermis

small receptive fields

found in greatest number in finger pads

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20
Q

meissner corpuscles are …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

light touch

located closer to the surface of the dermis

small receptive fields

1/10th the size of pacinian corpuscles

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21
Q

pacinian corpuscles are … that detect …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

pressure / vibration

deep in the dermis

large receptive fields & sensitive centers

onion skin-like encapsulations

22
Q

ruffini endings are …

A

mechanoreceptors with encapsulated nerve endings

skin stretch / prolonged pressure

deep in the dermis

spindle-shaped

23
Q

2 types of receptors with rapidly adapting nerve endings:

A

pacinian corpuscles

meissner corpuscles

(better at recording moving stimulus than a static one)

24
Q

2 types of receptors with slowly adapting nerve endings:

A

merkel discs

ruffini endings

(better at recording a static stimulus than moving one)

25
Q

hair root plexus are … and detect …

A

mechanoreceptors

light touch

26
Q

krause end bulbs are …; detect …; are found …

A

mechanoreceptors

simple touch

in border regions of dry skin & mucous membranes

27
Q

nociceptors are …

A

free, unbranching nerve endings

un-myelinated / lightly myelinated

28
Q

the 4 categories of nociceptors:

A

mechanical (strong pressure from sharp objects)

thermal (extreme hot /cold)

chemically sensitive (pH)

polymodal (a variety of things)

29
Q

1 =
5 =

A

1 = most sensitive

5 = least sensitive

30
Q

each receptor generates a … which is then … by …

A

unique sensorineural code

conducted into the spinal cord

central processes of the primary neurons

31
Q

a sensory pathway is …

A

a set of neurons arranged in series: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

32
Q

1st order neuron in a sensory pathway is called … and is …; functions to …

A

primary afferent

periphery-sensory receptors

responds to stimulus, transduces it, transmits encoded info (the sensorineural code) to the CNS

33
Q

2nd order neuron in a sensory pathway is called … and is located …

A

secondary afferent

spinal cord or brainstem / medulla

34
Q

3rd order in a sensory pathway is located …

A

within the thalamus

35
Q

4th order in a sensory pathway is the …; located …

A

somatosensory cortex

in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex

where perception occurs (conscious awareness of stimulus)

36
Q

dorsal or posterior columnar-medial lemniscal pathway functions to transmit … via … to …

A

transmit info about touch / vibration / pressure / texture recognition / stereognosis / 2 pt discrimination / proprioception / kinesthesia from the limbs

high speed pathway

primary somatic sensory cortex

37
Q

spinothalamic pathway carries …

A

info about pain / itch / temp / simple or non discriminative touch

38
Q

what is the sensory homunculus?

A

distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to the sensation of corresponding skin areas at the postcentral gyrus

39
Q

what is the motor homonculus?

A

distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to movement of corresponding motor areas at the precentral gyrus

40
Q
A

altered

ex. musicians increase ability vs. loss of a digit

41
Q

examples of proprioceptors:

A

muscle spindles

golgi tendon organs

joint / kinesthetic receptors

42
Q

golgi tendon organ is …

A

a proprioceptor that detects muscle tension at the junction of a muscle & tendon

43
Q

somatic sensory parietal cortex has a … that participates in the … pathway; and a … that participates in the … pathway

A

dorsally directed projection (parietal)
“where” pathway (location of stimulus)

ventrally directed projection (temporal)
“what” pathway (recognizing stimulus)

44
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (in the back of the head) is interconnected with … and …; which creates …

A

posterior parietal cortex

inferior temporal cortex

tactile memories and working memories of experiences

45
Q

4 steps of palpation:

A

reception/detection

transmission

interpretation

amplification

46
Q

reception/detection step of palpation is to …

A

discover nature of the object (easier w context) using exteroceptors and proprioceptors

47
Q

transmission step of palpation is when …

A

the info gathered is relayed to peripheral and CNS in the brain

48
Q

interpretation step of palpation is when …

A

palpatory observations are translated into meaningful knowledge about anatomic / physiologic / pathologic states

49
Q

amplification step of palpation is …

A

focusing on what is being palpated ?

50
Q

the human hand is equipped to perceive:

A

2 pt discrimination
texture
contour/structure
friction/moisture
compliance
stereognosis
temp

OPP Weeks 1-2 (2 decks)

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