Perception and Communication

Question 1

Cultures

Answer 1

also influence what we select to perceive

Question 2

constructivism,

Answer 2

which states that we organize
and interpret experience by
applying cognitive structures
called schemata

Question 3

inattention blindness

Answer 3

which is the tendency not
to see what is right in front of them
(Lowy, 2013).

Question 4

Perception

Answer 4

is the active process of creating meaning by selecting, organizing, and
interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and other phenomena

Question 5

Müller-Lyer illusion.

Answer 5

The lines are actually identical in length, but they
don’t appear so to some people. If you are a Westerner, it’s likely that you
perceive line b as longer.

Question 6

prototype

Answer 6

defines the clearest or most
representative example of some category

Question 7

personal construct

Answer 7

is a “mental yardstick” we use to
measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment

Question 8

stereotype

Answer 8

is a predictive generalization applied to a person
or situation

Question 9

script.

Answer 9

A script is a guide to action. Scripts consist of sequences of activities that
are expected of us and others in particular situations.

Question 10

Interpretation i

Answer 10

is the subjective process of explaining our
perceptions in ways that make sense to us.

Question 11

attribution

Answer 11

is an explanation of why something happened
or why someone acts a certain way

Question 12

self-serving bias.

Answer 12

As the term implies,
this is a bias toward ourselves and our interests. Research indicates that some people tend to construct attributions that serve our personal interests

Question 13

fundamental
attribution error

Answer 13

We tend to overestimate
the internal causes of others’ undesirable behaviors and underestimate the external causes. Conversely, we are likely to underestimate the internal causes of our
own misdeeds and failures and overestimate the external causes

Question 14

standpoint

Answer 14

is a point of view that grows out of
political awareness of the social location of a group—the material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group.

Question 15

Cognitive complexity

Answer 15

refers to the number of personal constructs used (remember, these are bipolar dimensions of judgment), how abstract they are, and how
elaborately they interact to shape perceptions.

Question 16

Empathy

Answer 16

is the ability to feel with
another person, to feel what she or he feels in a situation.

Question 17

implicit personality theory

Answer 17

which is a collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various
qualities fit together in human personalities

Question 18

Mind reading

Answer 18

g is assuming we understand what another person thinks, feels, or
perceives.