Perception and Action III: Motor Control

Question 1

The Motor System involves both Cortical and Sub-Cortical areas, and is organised in a _____________ manner

Answer 1

Hierarchical

Question 2

Three levels of _________ - High, Middle and Low

Answer 2

Control

Question 3

High level function = Strategy = Structures are:

Answer 3

Cerebral Cortex Association Areas and Basal Ganglia

Question 4

Middle level function = Tactics = Structures are:

Answer 4

Motor Cortex and Cerebellum

Question 5

Low Level function = Execution = Structures are:

Answer 5

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord

Question 6

Which parts of the brain put into action/execute the planned motor movement?

Answer 6

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord

Question 7

Which parts of the brain come up with the strategy of movement?

Answer 7

Cortical Association Areas and Basal Ganglia

Question 8

Which parts of the brain come up with the tactics of how the movements will be executed (ie coordination of movements)?

Answer 8

The Motor Cortex and Cerebellum

Question 9

Perception-Action Cycle occurs in what order?

Answer 9

Perception > Brain > Action > World

Question 10

What is the lowest level of the motor control hierarchy?

Answer 10

The Spinal Cord

Question 11

What is the middle level of the motor control hierarchy?

Answer 11

The Sub-cortical Motor Structures (ie the Brainstem, Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia)

Question 12

What is the highest level of the motor control hierarchy?

Answer 12

The Cortex

Question 13

Reflexive movements are produced where?

Answer 13

The Spinal Cord

Question 14

Where would you find the extrapyramidal tracts?

Answer 14

In the Subcortical Motor Structures

Question 15

What part of the hierarchy of motor control, has indirect control over spinal activity, modulating (ie posture), muscle tone and speed of movement?

Answer 15

The Subcortical Motor Structures

Question 16

Signals from the Cortex travel to the Spinal Cord via the __________ ______ (Pyramidal Tract)

Answer 16

Corticospinal Tract

Question 17

Muscles are activated by ________ Motor Neurons

Answer 17

Alpha

Question 18

A high proportion of the brain’s neurons are located in the ___________

Answer 18

Cerebellum

Question 19

The Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and the Substantia Nigra make up the _________

Answer 19

Basal Ganglia

Question 20

What type of mechanism does the Basal Ganglia use to inhibit movements until they are appropriate; help to coordinate movement timing and mediate competition between alternative motor plans?

Answer 20

Gating mechanism

Question 21

Parkinson’s Disease is a disorder of the __________

Answer 21

Basal Ganglia

Question 22

Parkinson’s Disease is caused by loss of ______________ neurons

Answer 22

Dopaminergic

Question 23

The Cerebellum is a key component of further supplementary circuits that mediate aspects of motor _____________

Answer 23

Coordination

Question 24

The Cerebellum is a key component in mediating online error correction for coordinated, skilled __________; and calculating net error between ongoing ________ commands and movements actually produced; and relays error signals back to __________ and _________ Cortices

Answer 24

Movements; Motor; Frontal, Parietal

Question 25

Cerebellar lesions can lead to _____________ (Uncoordinated, disorganised movements, similar to alcohol intoxication)

Answer 25

Cerebellar Ataxia

Question 26

Cerebellar lesions can lead to _____________ (Impairment of the sensory coordination of limb movements, ie cannot point from one's nose to a doctor's finger and back again)

Answer 26

Appendicular Ataxia

Question 27

Smooth movements are produced in the ____________

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

What is Brodmann's Area for the Primary Motor Cortex?

Answer 28

BA 4 (M1)

Question 29

____________ means that different parts of M1 (the primary motor cortex) represent different parts of the body

Answer 29

Somatotopic

Question 30

Wilder Penfield discovered that electrical stimulation of BA 4 in the precentral gyrus produced muscle twitches on the ___________ ______ of the body

Answer 30

Opposite Side

Question 31

The Motor Homunculus is determined by the _________ of the cortical region that represents a particular body part

Answer 31

Size

Question 32

There are two types of homunculi: __________, and ________

Answer 32

Sensory and Motor

Question 33

Motor Cortex activity is correlated with movement ___________

Answer 33

Direction

Question 33

Cortical representation of movement is via _____________ vectors

Answer 33

Population

Question 34

The Posterior _______ Cortex is important for generating mental body image

Answer 34

Parietal

Question 35

_________ are crucial for planning actions and anticipating their consequences

Answer 35

Prefrontal Regions

Question 35

Neurons in BA __ (Premotor Cortex) activate when movements are mentally rehearsed but not carried out

Answer 35

6

Question 36

Spinal cord is the interface between the __________ system and the muscles

Answer 36

Nervous

Question 37

The medial part of BA 6 is known as the ___________ Motor Cortex

Answer 37

Supplementary

Question 38

The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the ________ homunculus

Answer 38

Motor

Question 39

The part of the cerebral cortex thought to be important for the generation of the mental body image that is used in action and motor planning

Answer 39

The Posterior Parietal Cortex

Question 40

Premotor cortex and primary motor cortex are important for action _________ and action _________, respectively

Answer 40

Planning and Execution

Question 41

Within the motor hierarchy, the basal ganglia and cerebellum form part of the ______________

Answer 41

Subcortical Motor Structures

Question 42

Primary motor cortex is located in the ___________ Gyrus

Answer 42

Precentral

Question 43

Can the spinal cord by itself, support voluntary, skilled motor functions (planning, execution and control of movement)

Answer 43

No

Question 44

Actual muscle movements are ultimately driven by _________ Neurons

Answer 44

Motor

Question 45

Patterns of motor activity that are routine or habitual (walking/running) are controlled via programs stored in part of the _______

Answer 45

Brainstem

Question 46

Reflexes allow postural stability to be maintained without any help from the _________

Answer 46

Cortex

Question 47

Integration of sensory feedback is essential for both postural stability and __________ movement

Answer 47

Voluntary

Question 48

The 12 cranial nerves originate in the __________

Answer 48

Brainstem

Question 49

___________ Tract originates in the cortex and terminates in the spinal cord

Answer 49

Pyramidal

Question 50

_____________ tracts originate in various subcortical nuclei and terminate in both contralateral and ipsilateral regions of the spinal cord

Answer 50

Extrapyramidal

Question 51

The __________ contains over 75% of all the neurons in the human central nervous system

Answer 51

Cerebellum

Question 52

80% of the corticospinal tract axons cross at the junction of the medulla and the ____________

Answer 52

Spinal Cord

Question 53

Corticospinal Neurons specialise in _________ _______ control

Answer 53

Fine Motor

Question 54

Lesions of the Primary Motor Cortex usually result in __________, the loss of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body

Answer 54

Hemiplegia

Question 55

The ____________ Motor Areas might help decide which object to choose (ie coffee or soda) or help plan a sequence of learned actions (playing the piano)

Answer 55

Supplementary

Question 56

The dorso-dorsal stream passes through the ___________ ________ Lobe, and projects to the dorsal premotor cortex

Answer 56

Superior Parietal Lobe

Question 57

The Ventro-dorsal stream passes through the __________ ________ Lobe, and projects to the ventral premotor cortex

Answer 57

Inferior Parietal Lobe

Question 58

The _________-________ pathway is important for the movement of reaching

Answer 58

Dorso-dorsal

Question 59

The _________ - __________ pathway is important for producing transitive and intransitive gestures (ie manipulation, and intension - waving goodbye)

Answer 59

Ventro-dorsal