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Perception and Action III: Motor Control > Perception and Action III: Motor Control > Flashcards

Perception and Action III: Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

The Motor System involves both Cortical and Sub-Cortical areas, and is organised in a _____________ manner

A

Hierarchical

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2
Q

Three levels of _________ - High, Middle and Low

A

Control

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3
Q

High level function = Strategy = Structures are:

A

Cerebral Cortex Association Areas and Basal Ganglia

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4
Q

Middle level function = Tactics = Structures are:

A

Motor Cortex and Cerebellum

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5
Q

Low Level function = Execution = Structures are:

A

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord

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6
Q

Which parts of the brain put into action/execute the planned motor movement?

A

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord

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7
Q

Which parts of the brain come up with the strategy of movement?

A

Cortical Association Areas and Basal Ganglia

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8
Q

Which parts of the brain come up with the tactics of how the movements will be executed (ie coordination of movements)?

A

The Motor Cortex and Cerebellum

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9
Q

Perception-Action Cycle occurs in what order?

A

Perception > Brain > Action > World

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10
Q

What is the lowest level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

The Spinal Cord

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11
Q

What is the middle level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

The Sub-cortical Motor Structures (ie the Brainstem, Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia)

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12
Q

What is the highest level of the motor control hierarchy?

A

The Cortex

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13
Q

Reflexive movements are produced where?

A

The Spinal Cord

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14
Q

Where would you find the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

In the Subcortical Motor Structures

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15
Q

What part of the hierarchy of motor control, has indirect control over spinal activity, modulating (ie posture), muscle tone and speed of movement?

A

The Subcortical Motor Structures

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16
Q

Signals from the Cortex travel to the Spinal Cord via the __________ ______ (Pyramidal Tract)

A

Corticospinal Tract

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17
Q

Muscles are activated by ________ Motor Neurons

A

Alpha

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18
Q

A high proportion of the brain’s neurons are located in the ___________

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

The Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and the Substantia Nigra make up the _________

A

Basal Ganglia

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20
Q

What type of mechanism does the Basal Ganglia use to inhibit movements until they are appropriate; help to coordinate movement timing and mediate competition between alternative motor plans?

A

Gating mechanism

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21
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is a disorder of the __________

A

Basal Ganglia

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22
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is caused by loss of ______________ neurons

A

Dopaminergic

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23
Q

The Cerebellum is a key component of further supplementary circuits that mediate aspects of motor _____________

A

Coordination

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24
Q

The Cerebellum is a key component in mediating online error correction for coordinated, skilled __________; and calculating net error between ongoing ________ commands and movements actually produced; and relays error signals back to __________ and _________ Cortices

A

Movements; Motor; Frontal, Parietal

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25
Q

Cerebellar lesions can lead to _____________ (Uncoordinated, disorganised movements, similar to alcohol intoxication)

A

Cerebellar Ataxia

26
Q

Cerebellar lesions can lead to _____________ (Impairment of the sensory coordination of limb movements, ie cannot point from one’s nose to a doctor’s finger and back again)

A

Appendicular Ataxia

27
Q

Smooth movements are produced in the ____________

A

Cerebellum

28
Q

What is Brodmann’s Area for the Primary Motor Cortex?

A

BA 4 (M1)

29
Q

____________ means that different parts of M1 (the primary motor cortex) represent different parts of the body

A

Somatotopic

30
Q

Wilder Penfield discovered that electrical stimulation of BA 4 in the precentral gyrus produced muscle twitches on the ___________ ______ of the body

A

Opposite Side

31
Q

The Motor Homunculus is determined by the _________ of the cortical region that represents a particular body part

A

Size

32
Q

There are two types of homunculi: __________, and ________

A

Sensory and Motor

33
Q

Motor Cortex activity is correlated with movement ___________

A

Direction

33
Q

Cortical representation of movement is via _____________ vectors

A

Population

34
Q

The Posterior _______ Cortex is important for generating mental body image

A

Parietal

35
Q

_________ are crucial for planning actions and anticipating their consequences

A

Prefrontal Regions

35
Q

Neurons in BA __ (Premotor Cortex) activate when movements are mentally rehearsed but not carried out

A

6

36
Q

Spinal cord is the interface between the __________ system and the muscles

A

Nervous

37
Q

The medial part of BA 6 is known as the ___________ Motor Cortex

A

Supplementary

38
Q

The somatotopic map of the primary motor cortex is called the ________ homunculus

A

Motor

39
Q

The part of the cerebral cortex thought to be important for the generation of the mental body image that is used in action and motor planning

A

The Posterior Parietal Cortex

40
Q

Premotor cortex and primary motor cortex are important for action _________ and action _________, respectively

A

Planning and Execution

41
Q

Within the motor hierarchy, the basal ganglia and cerebellum form part of the ______________

A

Subcortical Motor Structures

42
Q

Primary motor cortex is located in the ___________ Gyrus

A

Precentral

43
Q

Can the spinal cord by itself, support voluntary, skilled motor functions (planning, execution and control of movement)

A

No

44
Q

Actual muscle movements are ultimately driven by _________ Neurons

A

Motor

45
Q

Patterns of motor activity that are routine or habitual (walking/running) are controlled via programs stored in part of the _______

A

Brainstem

46
Q

Reflexes allow postural stability to be maintained without any help from the _________

A

Cortex

47
Q

Integration of sensory feedback is essential for both postural stability and __________ movement

A

Voluntary

48
Q

The 12 cranial nerves originate in the __________

A

Brainstem

49
Q

___________ Tract originates in the cortex and terminates in the spinal cord

A

Pyramidal

50
Q

_____________ tracts originate in various subcortical nuclei and terminate in both contralateral and ipsilateral regions of the spinal cord

A

Extrapyramidal

51
Q

The __________ contains over 75% of all the neurons in the human central nervous system

A

Cerebellum

52
Q

80% of the corticospinal tract axons cross at the junction of the medulla and the ____________

A

Spinal Cord

53
Q

Corticospinal Neurons specialise in _________ _______ control

A

Fine Motor

54
Q

Lesions of the Primary Motor Cortex usually result in __________, the loss of voluntary movements on the contralateral side of the body

A

Hemiplegia

55
Q

The ____________ Motor Areas might help decide which object to choose (ie coffee or soda) or help plan a sequence of learned actions (playing the piano)

A

Supplementary

56
Q

The dorso-dorsal stream passes through the ___________ ________ Lobe, and projects to the dorsal premotor cortex

A

Superior Parietal Lobe

57
Q

The Ventro-dorsal stream passes through the __________ ________ Lobe, and projects to the ventral premotor cortex

A

Inferior Parietal Lobe

58
Q

The _________-________ pathway is important for the movement of reaching

A

Dorso-dorsal

59
Q

The _________ - __________ pathway is important for producing transitive and intransitive gestures (ie manipulation, and intension - waving goodbye)

A

Ventro-dorsal

60
Q
A

Perception and Action III: Motor Control (1 decks)

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