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PSYC1002 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Papillae

A

Gives the tongue its bumpy appearance

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2
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A
  1. Filiform – no taste function, located at the anterior portion of tongue (tip). Different shapes in different species (e.g., cats). Draws in food and acts as an abrasive (most numerous)
  2. Fungiform – (resemble tiny mushrooms), visible to eye on anterior portion of tongue. Huge variation between people.
  3. Foliate – sides of the tongue; look like folds, taste buds buried in the folds
  4. (Circum)vallate – large visible structures like an inverted V on back of
    tongue. Look like islands surrounded by moats
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3
Q

What are the biological functions of taste sensations:

  • sweet
  • umami (savoury)
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
A
  • sweet (identify energy rich nutrients)
  • umami (savoury) - detection of amino acids (MSG and aspartate)
  • salty - maintain electrolyte balance
  • sour – acidity (dangerous at high levels)
  • bitter (potential poison - huge class)
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4
Q

Why is there an innate preference for sweetness?

A

To get enough energy to grow a body.

Taste discrimination does not change much with age but preferences do.

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5
Q

What tastes are we most sensitive to?

A
  1. Sweetness
  2. Saltiness
  3. Sourness
  4. Bitterness
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6
Q

What are super-tasters?

A

People who are genetically more prone to have more fungiform taste receptors around the tip and sides of their tongue

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7
Q

What is olfaction?

A

Smell

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8
Q

__ + __ + __ = Flavour

A

Tempature, smell, taste

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9
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Many mammals use a separate set of sensory receptor cells in their nose to receive social and sexual information from members of their speciies.

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10
Q

What is sensation and perception?

A

Sensation refers to how your senses transform physical properties of the environment and body into electrical signals relayed to the brain

Perception is the active process of organizing, selecting, and interpreting information into meaningful (useful) representations of the world

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11
Q

What are the 6 senses for humans?

A
  • Vision - receptors in eyes respond to light
  • Hearing - receptors in ears respond to sound and vibrations
  • Somatosensation - the awareness of the body
  • Taste - receptors on tongue respond to chemicals
  • Smell (Olfaction) - receptors in the nose respond to chemicals
  • Vestibular - inner ear senses gravity and movement
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12
Q

What are micro-saccades?

A

Fixational eye movement. Small jerk-like involuntary eye movements –– cause for a lot of illusions.

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13
Q

Why are illusions important?

A
  • Illusions indicate we don’t know exactly how things are structured in the world around us
  • They provide insight into how perceptual systems break down
  • Reveal the kinds of assumptions or general rules we are using to make guesses (or inferences) about the physical world
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14
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

A class of photosensitive receptors that operate in low-light levels. Rod dominated (more of them, just more sensitive). Night vision - no colour.

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15
Q

What is photopic vision?

A

A class of photosensitive receptors that operate in high-light levels, cone dominated. Daylight vision. Cones responsible for our experience of colour.

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16
Q

Four types of photoreceptors?

A

one rod, three cones

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17
Q

What are the two mechanisms of light adaption?

A
  • pupil dilation/contraction –to control amount of light entering eye
  • isomerisation of the photopigments (can’t absorb photons when it has the shape on the right)
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18
Q

What is trichromacy?

A

Colour is closely related to the proportions of responses of the three different types of cone receptors.

Trichromatic theory of colour vision
– millions of different perceived colours can be explained in terms of the responses of the three cone types.

19
Q

Why do objects appear coloured?

A

Short and medium wavelengths

When light strikes an object, the white light (natural daylight) mostly reflect in the longer wavelength, so it becomes red. They all fire equally. It predominantly reflects the long wavelength, some of the medium and very little short.

(Short = blue; medium - green; long = red)

20
Q

What is opponent processes theory?

A

Colour perception depends on six psychological primaries that are arranged in pairs.

Evidence for opponent processes theory: reddish greens; bluish yellows. They steal each other’s hues.

Colour aftereffects

21
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

The receptive field of a visual cell is the retinal area that, when stiumulated, can affect the firing of that cell.

Centre-Surround opponency observed in ganglion cells.

22
Q

What are the three types of colour-vision deficiencies?

A

red-green, blue-yellow, complete

23
Q

What causes colour-vision deficiency (anamolous trichromats)?

A

Three cone types but the L and M overlap more than they should.

24
Q

Which visual field goes to which hemisphere?

A

Left vision field (from both eyes) goes to right hemisphere. Right field (from both eyes) goes to left hemisphere.

25
Q

What are the two major subsystems of the ‘body senses’?

A
  • somasensatory system: touch and proprioception

- interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body

26
Q

What is tactile afterimage?

A

Opponent-like after-effects: texture contrast after-effects (after touching something rough, a medium rough surface feels smoother); can be observed for temperature as well.

27
Q

What is tactile adaption?

A

Importance of movement in perceiving spatial patterns in the skin; stabilized (i.e., non-moving) objects on the skin are less salient than when the skin is first perturbed

28
Q

What are the two major subsystems of the somatic sensory system?

A
  • Detection of mechanical stimuli (light touch, vibration, pressure, and cutaneous tension): identify shapes and texture of objects, to monitor the internal and external forces acting on the body at any moment
  • Detection of pain and temperature: detect potentially harmful circumstances
29
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

receptors located in muscles, joints, and other deep structures monitor mechanical forces generated by the musculoskeletal system

“receptors for self”

30
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

When stimuli applied to the skin deform or otherwise change the nerve endings, which in turn affects the ionic permeability of the receptor cell membrane. This induces a depolarizing current in the nerve ending, which triggers action potentials

31
Q

Three function-based groups of receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors (touch)
  • Nociceptors (pain)
  • Thermoceptors (temperature)
32
Q

What does a rapidly adapting touch fibre do? Name two examples.

A

Rapidly adapting: provide info about change or dynamical quality (what + where) of stimuli.

Meissner corpuscles:

  • Generate rapidly adapting action potentials following minimal skin depression
  • Found under epidermis of fingers, palms, and soles (glabrous skin - smooth/hairless);
  • Respond best in the range of low-frequency vibrations (30- 50 Hz)
  • Pacinian corpuscles:
  • Acts like a filter that allows only transient, high-frequency disturbances (250-350 Hz) to active the nerve endings
  • Stimulation introduces a sense of vibration and/or tickle.
33
Q

What is a slowly adapting touch fibre do? Name two examples.

A

Slowly adapting: provide info about shape, edges, rough texture, persisting features.

Merkel disks:

  • Stimulation induces sense of light pressure
  • Fingertips, lips and external genitalia

Ruffini organ:

  • Deep in skin + ligaments and tendons
  • Don’t elicit any feeling when stimulated
34
Q

What does local anaesthesia do?

A

The absence of the sensation is attributed to the world not the body

35
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Terminate in unspecialized free endings, so two axons associated with them:

Aδ: myelinated axons, conduct at 20 m/s
- faster, first pain / sharp pain

C fibers: unmyelinated axons, which conduct at 2 m/s
- slower, dull pain; diffuse type pain

36
Q

What are the three classes of nociceptors in the skin?

A
  • Aδ mechanosensitive nociceptors
  • Aδ mechanothermal nociceptors
  • polymodal nociceptors (C fibers, quite slow)
37
Q

What is Capsaicin?

A
  • Principle ingredient responsible for the pungency of hot peppers
  • Activates a subset of C-fibers, the polymodal fibers

Birds don’t have receptors for capsaicin

38
Q

What is Hyperalgesia?

A

Where pain is the only sense that exhibits an enhanced sensitivity to stimuli over time; all other senses exhibit adaptation (decreased sensitivity) to the same stimulation.

39
Q

How is visceral pain transmitted?

A

Receptors conveyed centrally via neurons also coding for cutaneous pain and through a dorsal column pathway. The former leads to a type of referred pain.

40
Q

What do thermoreceptors do?

A

Skin works to maintain a constant internal body temperature, sensation of warmth or cold are generally caused by departures from a reference skin temperature called physiological zero.

41
Q

Name three examples of proprioceptors.

A

– Muscle spindles – provide info on muscle length
–Golgi tendon organ – muscle tension
– Joint receptors – provide info on position / tension of joints

42
Q

What is the two-point thresholds?

A

Ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one.

Provides information about the size of the
receptive fields.

Smaller receptive fields in fingertips, larger in arm.

43
Q

Somasensatory and the homunculi (“little man”)?

A

Representation of the body along the cortex, where adjacent areas of the body have adjacent representations in the cortex. Certain body locations have a disproportionate amount of cortical area because of the increased sensitivity needed (tongue, fingers…)

PSYC1002 (6 decks)

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