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Psych 101 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A

automatic process of recognizing what is represented in the info provided by our sense organs

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2
Q

Hubel and Wiesel’s study

A

used microelectrodes to map the visual field of cats

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3
Q

module

A

block of cortical tissue that receives info from the same group of receptor cells

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4
Q

receptive field

A

portion of visual field where visual stimuli produces an alteration in the firing rate of a particular neuron

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5
Q

2 pathways in the visual association cortex

A

ventral stream and dorsal stream

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6
Q

ventral stream

A
  • the WHAT system - forms perception of object’s shape, colour, and orientation
  • flow of info from primary visual cortex to lower temporal lobe
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7
Q

dorsal stream

A
  • WHERE or HOW (Goodal) system - forms perception of object’s 3D location
  • flow of info from primary visual cortex to parietal lobe
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8
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability of a person who isn’t blind to recognize the identity of an object visually; caused by damage to visual association cortex

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9
Q

prosopagnosis

A

form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty in the recognition of people’s faces; caused by damage to visual association cortex

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10
Q

fusiform face area (FFA)

A

region of ventral stream that contains face-recognizing circuits (and other things, like your own pets and cars)

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11
Q

extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

region of occipital cortex, next to primary visual cortex, that responds to forms resembling the human body

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12
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

region of ventral stream, below hippocampus, that is activated by visual scenes

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13
Q

ventral stream and colour vision loss

A

damage to ventral stream damages ability to distinguish different colours -> life becomes a black and white movie

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14
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A
  • inability to discriminate among different hues, caused by damage to visual association cortex
  • if damage occurs on only one side of brain, only 1/2 of colour vision is lost; if it occurs on both sides, people lose ability to even imagine colour
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15
Q

damage to parietal lobe causes

A
  • trouble perceiving and remembering location of objects

- trouble controlling movement of eyes and limbs

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16
Q

akinetopsia

A

damage to dorsal stream causing inability to see motion

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17
Q

form from motion

A

the phenomenon that our perception of movement can also help us detect 3d forms (ie. the ability to detect a person wearing a black suit with lights attached moving against a black background)

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18
Q

figure and ground

A

differentiating between the object/figure and the background/ground

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19
Q

objects/figure

A

things that have particular shapes and locations in space

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20
Q

backgrounds/ground

A

formless, help us judge location of objects we see in front of them

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21
Q

boundary

A

sharp, distinct difference in colour, brightness, texture, etc. that causes us to perceive an edge and differentiate the figure from ground

22
Q

gestalt psychologists

A

branch of psychology that says our perception of objects is produced by our tendency to organize elements into cohesive forms

23
Q

law of proximity

A

elements located close together are perceived as belonging together

24
Q

law of similarity

A

similar elements are perceived as belonging to the same figure

25
Q

good continuation

A

given two our more interpretations of elements that form the outline of a figure, the simplest interpretation will be preferred

26
Q

law of closure

A

elements missing from the outline of a figure are filled in by the visual system

27
Q

law of common fate

A

elements that move together give rise to the perception of a particular figure

28
Q

5 gestalt laws of organization

A
  1. law of proximity
  2. law of similarity
  3. good continuation
  4. law of closure
  5. law of common fate
29
Q

templates

A
  • hypothetical pattern that we use to perceive objects and shapes by process of comparison
  • psychologists don’t believe this works, as we would have to store a large amount of templates
30
Q

prototypes

A

idealized pattern that we use to perceive objects and shapes by process of comparison; recognition can occur even when an exact match isn’t found

31
Q

distinctive feature

A

physical characteristic of an object that helps distinguish it from other objects (ie. distinctive feature of the letter N: Two vertical lines connected by a diagonal line)

32
Q

bottom-up processing

A

perception based on successive analyses of the stimuli that are present (starting with bits and pieces and building up until object is perceived -> seeing bread and then recognizing kitchen)

33
Q

top-down processing

A
  • perception based on info provided by context in which a particular stimulus is encountered (using the big picture/context to help perceive an object -> seeing kitchen and then recognizing bread)
  • Palmer’s study analyzed this (seeing context primed for recognition of bread and made it faster)
34
Q

principle of linguistic relativity

A

the hypothesis that a language someone speaks determines their thoughts and perceptions (ie. language used to describe colours is related to that culture’s perception of colour)

35
Q

binocular cues

A

cues to distance that depend on input from two eyes

36
Q

monocular cues

A

cues to distance that depend on input from only one eye

37
Q

convergence

A

result of vergence eye movements to focus on a point of the visual scene -> if object is close to you, eyes turn inward, if object far away, eyes look straight ahead

38
Q

retinal disparity

A

objects located at different distances from observer will fall on slightly different locations on the two retinas

39
Q

stereopsis

A

form of depth perception based on retinal disparity (stereoscope uses pictures taken at slightly different points -> fusion of images produces effect of depth)

40
Q

interposition

A

monocular cue of depth perception; an object that partially blocks another is perceived as closer

41
Q

linear perspective

A

monocular cue of depth perception; arrangement or drawing of objects on a flat surface such that parallel lines receding from the viewer are seen to converge at a point on the horizon

42
Q

texture

A

monocular cue of depth perception; coarser textures look closer, finer textures look more distant

43
Q

haze

A

monocular cue of depth perception; objects less distinct in outline and texture seen as further away

44
Q

shading

A

monocular cue of depth perception; determines whether portions of the surface of an object are perceived as concave or convex

45
Q

7 monocular cues of depth perception

A
  1. interposition
  2. linear perspective
  3. texture
  4. haze
  5. shading
  6. elevation
  7. motion parallax
46
Q

elevation

A

monocular cue of depth perception; objects nearer the horizon are seen as farther away

47
Q

motion parallax

A

monocular cue of depth perception; as we pass by a scene, objects closer to use pass in front of objects further away

48
Q

perceptual consistency

A

maintaining a perceptual judgement as the external stimulus changes (ie. recognizing that a book is a book, whether it’s far away from you or close to you)

49
Q

adaptation and long-term modification examples

A
  1. staring at a spot of colour and seeing a negative afterimage when you look at a different background
  2. Tootell et al: watching ripples, when ripples stopped moving, it seemed like they were moving inwards
  3. Ball and Sekular: people can adapt to recognizing small movements of dots in a certain direction if they are trained to do so
50
Q

interpretation of a moving retinal image example

A

when you’re reading a book, even though your eye is moving across the page, you realize the book isn’t moving. However, if you physically move the book and keep your eye in the same place, you recognize that the book is moving (impossible to recognize for people with damage to visual association cortex)

51
Q

ventriloquism effect

A

apparent shift in location of a sound from its auditory source to its perceived visual location -> visual cue dominates -> “the binding problem”

52
Q

phi phenomenon

A

perception of smooth movement caused by turning on two or more different lights, one at a time, in sequence (ie. in neon signs)

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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