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Cognitive Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation vs. Perception

A

Sensation: Seeing blue lines (basic sensory experience)
Perception: Your brain’s interpretation-like how many appendages did you see (2 or 3). Perception is subjective and sometimes your brain “chooses” based on how it organizes information

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2
Q

What is the Stroboscopic effect?

A

Wheels on a car sometimes look like they’re moving backward when they are moving forward. This is because your brain processes visual information in chunks and makes predictions when information is missing. Guesses how wheel moves but guess could be wrong.

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3
Q

What does the Primary Visual Cortex (feature detectors in central lobe) do?

A

Detects features such as orientation, color, dimensions, moving or not.

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4
Q

What is Feature Integration Theory?

A

It explains how we perceive objects by first breaking them down into basic features and then putting those features together to form a complete picture. We process things parallel and then integrate serially.

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5
Q

Serial Processing Vs. Parallel Processing

A

Parallel: Basic details that are noticed at once, “it’s green” “it’s moving”.
Serial: After detecting basic features your brain puts together what is going on especially is the object has a lot of similar looking features.

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6
Q

What is illusionary conjunction?

A

Occurs when your brain mixes up features from different objects. This happens because during feature integration your brain might detect features correctly but fail to combine them accurately.

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7
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology/ principles?

A

“Sum is greater than parts”
Proximity
Similarity
Connectedness
Common Fate
Good Continuation
Closure
Good form

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8
Q

Gestalt Principle: Proximity

A

Objects close together are perceived as a group

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9
Q

Similarity

A

Objects that are similar in color or shape are seen as a group.

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10
Q

Good Continuation

A

We prefer smooth, continuous lines or patterns

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11
Q

Connectedness

A

Connected together=perceived as one whole object

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12
Q

Common Fate

A

Things that move in the same direction or speed are seen as the same object

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13
Q

Closure

A

Your brain fills in gaps to perceive complete shapes.

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14
Q

Good Form

A

We group things that appear uniform or even.

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15
Q

What is depth perception?

A

The ability to perceive the world in 3D and to judge the distance of objects. Allows us to know how far away objects are from us and from each other.

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16
Q

What are Binocular Cues/disparity?

A

Cues that require both our eyes working together, our eyes are spaced apart so each eye gets a slightly different view of the world.
Binocular disparity: The slight difference between the images seen by your left and right eyes. (close left eye then switch to other eye, what you’re looking at seems to switch position.

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17
Q

Monocular Cues/Motion Parallax

A

Motion parallax: depth cue based on motion where objects closer to you seem to move faster across your field of vision than objects that are farther away.

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18
Q

Pictorial Cues

A

Cues used in paintings or photos to create the illusion of depth.

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19
Q

Depth Cues in size perception

A

Size consistency: we perceive objects as having a constant size even when their distance from us changes.

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20
Q

Depth illusions:

A

When depth rules in your brain are tricked you get illusions

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21
Q

Ames Room

A

A trapezoid room that looks normal from the front but is actually distorted. People standing in different parts of the room appear to be different sizes because the brain assumes the room is a normal shape.

22
Q

illusory contours

A

sometimes we perceive edges and shapes that aren’t actually there because our brain fills in the gaps

23
Q

illusory lightness differences

A

the brain interprets light and shadows in ways that can trick us into seeing areas as lighter or darker than they actually are i.e checker shadow illusion

24
Q

Hollow Face illusion

A

When looking at a hollow mask, your brain will perceive it as a normal face that pushed outwards even if the face is pushed inwards.

25
Q

Penrose Triangle

A

An illusion where a 2D triangle seems to be a 3D object but its not.

26
Q

Recognizing Objects: Template Matching

A

Your brain recognizes objects by comparing them to stored mental templates, if the input fits a template closely enough your brain identifies the object.
Problems occur when a rotated version does not match a template.

27
Q

Recognizing Objects: Feature Nets

A

Proposes that we break down complex visual information into simpler components or features.

28
Q

Feature Nets: Detectors

A

Detectors respond to specific features or stimuli (angles, lines, curves).

29
Q

Feature Nets: Layers

A

Lower layer detects simple features, while higher layers combine these features to recognize more complex shapes and objects.

30
Q

Feature Nets: Activation

A

Detectors that correspond to features become activated

31
Q

Feature Nets: Response Threshold

A

Each detector has a threshold level of activation that must be reached for it to “fire” and contribute to the recognition of an object.

32
Q

Feature Nets: Priming

A

Previous exposure to certain features can increase the activation of specific detectors.

33
Q

Recognition by components: GEONS

A

Basic shapes (like cones, cylinders) that help recognize objects. Even when parts of an object are missing, you can often recognize it by filling in the missing GEONS.

34
Q

Evidence for GEONS?

A

Removing contours that make up the boundary of the GEONS affects what you see=no longer can see the shape.

35
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Can’t recognize objects, can’t put geons together.

36
Q

What are some problems for GEON theory?

A

GEONS work well for recognizing general categories (lamps, dogs) but not for specific individuals. Example: Recognizing different dogs that are made up of similar neons is harder because they look alike.

37
Q

Brain Areas Involved in Object Recognition:
Occipital to Temporal

A

Helps recognize what an object is

38
Q

Brain Areas Involved in Object Recognition:
Occipital to parietal:

A

Helps recognize where an object is and how it is moving.

39
Q

Ventral Lesion (lower pathway)

A

Unable to do object “what” task, but good at “where” task.

40
Q

Dorsal Lesion (upper pathway)

A

fine at object recognition, could not do “where”

41
Q

Face Processing:
Fusiform Face Area(FFA)

A

A specialized brain area for recognizing faces

42
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Damage to FFA leads to face recognition problems

43
Q

Perception and Motion:
Binocular Rivalry

A

Brain activity can shift between different visual perceptions

44
Q

Top-Down influence

A

Context matters in recognition. We recognize objects faster when they’re in familiar context.

45
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Able to identify people through cues like hair or style, never developed face recognition.

46
Q

Tracking Multiple objects (Object file theory)

A

Your brain tracks objects as they move through space and updates their positions over time.

47
Q

AMODAL (without censoring information)

A

surfaces complete behind occluding surface

48
Q

MODAL completion

A

You don’t see an overlap, it’s not one shape but there are no boundaries, you don’t assume a rectangle is on top of it.

49
Q

Object Files: Experiment
Object-Review Paradigm
Task?

A

Did the target letter appear anywhere in the preview display? (They will move but just ask if they were present). Response time between congruent and incongruent trials will be compared.

50
Q

Object Files: Experiment
Object-Review Paradigm
Results:

A

Novel: (letter did not appear in preview) Showed high response time.
Congruent: (Where you expect it to be) Showed high response time.
Incongruent: (where you don’t expect it to be) showed higher response time.

Cognitive Psychology (4 decks)

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