Perception Flashcards
What is Perceptional Organization?
Making sense of things by imposing structure.
What viewpoint (old dude) is Perceptional Organization? Explain.
Gestalt Viewpoint. The whole is different from its parts.
What are the 2 principles of Perceptional Organization?
Figure ground and grouping.
What is figure ground?
Organize stimulus into figure and ground (old/young woman example).
What is grouping?
Putting things together to form groups.
What are the 4 principles of grouping?
Similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity.
What is grouping by similarity?
Grouping together stimulus by similar elements (look alike).
What is grouping by Proximity?
Grouping together stimulus by how close together they are. The closer events/objects are to one another, the more they are perceived as belonging together.
What is grouping by Closure?
Filling in missing contours (connections) to form a complete object.
What is grouping by Continuity?
Creates a continuous form or pattern.
What is Perceptional Set?
A readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way.
Why do Perceptional Sets differ from person to person?
Expectation, culture, and experience can influence perceptions.
What is functional fixedness?
Seeing an object as having one function, you are perceptually set to see this function and are unable to see other functions. (rat/man example).
What are Perceptual Consistencies?
Help see things as the same, even though they appear to change. Allows us to recognize familiar stimuli under various conditions, giving a stable experience even though the sensory input is ever changing.
What are the 3 kinds of perceptual consistency?
Size consistency, shape consistency, and brightness/color consistency.
What is Size Consistency?
Changes in size of a retinal image is interpreted as changes in distance.
What is Shape Consistency?
The perceived shape of an object remains the same, even when seen at different angles (Same shape, regardless of viewing angle).
What is Brightness/Color Consistency?
The brightness of the color of an objet remains the same under different conditions of illumination.
What is depth perception?
How far or near object are.
What are the 2 cues for perceiving depth?
Binocular and Monocular cues.
What is meant by binocular cues?
Require the use of both eyes.
What is meant by monocular cues?
Only require 1 eye.
What are the 2 binocular cues mentioned in class?
What is eye convergence? Give an example.
Your eyes rotate inward to view a close object (cross eyed).
What is binocular disparity?
Each eye sees a slightly different image because of a slightly different viewing angle.
What is another name for binocular disparity?
Retinal Disparity
What is the difference between pictorial and non-pictorial depth cues?
Pictorial cues may be perceived with only one eye and Non-pictorial cues always require both eyes to be working together.
What is another name for interposition?
Superposition
What is linear perspective?
The perception that parallel lines converge in the distance.
What is interposition?
Objects closer to us may cut off part of our view of more distant objects.
What is elevation?
The height in plane, and horizontal plane.
What is texture gradient?
closer objects have greater detail.
What is relative size?
If 2 objects are (thought to be) of smaller size, the one that appears smaller will be judged to be further away.
What is motion parallax?
If we are moving, nearby objects appear to move faster than objects that are further away.
What is ocular accommodation?
The ability of the lens to change its shape and bend light rays so that objects are in focus.
What is another name for Ocular accommodation?
visual accommodation.
When does depth perception start?
Around 5 months old.
What is a visual cliff and what is it used for?
An apparent, but not actual, drop to test a babies depth perception.
What is perception of movement?
Whether an object is moving, how fast is it going, and where it is heading.
What are the 2 types of motion?
Real and apparent.
What is meant by real motion?
Physical displacement of an object from one position to another.
How does figure ground help us to determine real motion?
Stimulus crosses different backgrounds.
What is looming?
When an object begins moving closer to the eye.
What is apparent motion?
Perception of motion when there is none.
What are the 2 types of apparent motion discussed in class?
Stroboscopic Motion (illusion) and Autokinetic Effect (illusion).
What is stroboscopic motion?
An illusion of movement/motion created when we see slightly different images in rapid succession (motion pictures; Old flip books) or slightly displaced lights flashed on and off in rapid succession. (Railroad Crossing; lights around marquees)
What is Autokinetic Illusion of Motion?
The perceived motion created by a single stationary object. Slight movement of the eye muscles.
What is an example of Autokinetic Illusion of Motion?
Standing in a room that is absolutely dark and stare at a tiny spot of light, light will appear to move because no frame of reference.
What are illusions?
Compelling but incorrect perceptions. A visual stimulus that “fools” the eye.
What are the 3 kinds of illusions talked about in class?
Ponzo Illusions, Ames Room Illusions, and Muller-Lyer Illusions.
