PER PSY

Question 1

These are basic psychological needs that are common to all individuals and are necessary for their survival. They include things like the need for food, water, shelter, safety, love, and belongingness.

Answer 1

General Needs

Question 2

a child may have zonal needs related to exploration and learning, while an adult may have zonal needs related to work, intimacy, or self-expression. Zonal needs evolve over time and can influence how individuals prioritize their goals and relationships.

Answer 2

Zonal Needs

Question 3

This dynamism develops when a person feels rejected or mistreated, leading them to view others as threats. They often expect harm from others and act defensively or aggressively to protect themselves. It can result in difficulty forming trusting relationships and an overall negative outlook on social interactions.

Answer 3

Malevolence (Disjunctive Dynamism)

Question 4

This dynamism involves close, trusting relationships where individuals feel safe and understood. It’s marked by mutual respect and emotional closeness. Positive intimate relationships contribute to a sense of security and well-being, fostering personal growth and healthy social functioning.

Answer 4

ntimacy (Conjunctive Dynamism)

Question 5

This dynamism is driven by physical attraction and desire. It can lead to seeking sexual encounters without considering emotional intimacy or the feelings of others. When dominant, it can isolate sexual behavior from other aspects of relationships, potentially leading to shallow or unfulfilling interactions.

Answer 5

Lust (Isolating Dynamism)

Question 6

This system works to protect the individual from experiences that could cause anxiety or threaten their self-concept. It includes strategies like denial, selective attention, and rationalization. While it helps manage stress and maintain a stable self-image, it can sometimes distort reality and hinder personal growth by avoiding confronting uncomfortable truths.

Answer 6

Self-System

Question 7

This represents the positive qualities, traits, and experiences that individuals associate with themselves. It’s like a mental image of all the good things they believe about themselves, such as their strengths, achievements, and positive relationships.

Answer 7

The Good-Me Personification

Question 8

embodies the negative aspects, flaws, and shortcomings that individuals perceive in themselves. It’s like an inner critic that focuses on mistakes, failures, and insecurities, leading to feelings of guilt, shame, or self-doubt.

Answer 8

The Bad-Me Personification

Question 9

This personification represents aspects of oneself that are disowned or denied, typically because they evoke feelings of discomfort, anxiety, or shame. These are qualities, behaviors, or traits that individuals reject or attribute to others rather than acknowledging them as part of their own identity.

Answer 9

The Not-Me Personification

Question 10

a newborn baby experiences the world primarily through sensations such as touch, taste, and sound, without the ability to understand or categorize these sensations.

Answer 10

Prototaxic Level

Question 11

a young child may develop beliefs about the world based on their interactions with caregivers and other significant figures in their lives, interpreting events through the lens of their own emotional experiences.

Answer 11

Parataxic Level

Question 12

an adult uses logic and reasoning to analyze a situation, consider multiple perspectives, and make informed decisions based on abstract principles and values.

Answer 12

Syntaxic Level

Question 13

This involves submitting to authority figures and following their orders without questioning or thinking critically.

Answer 13

Authoritarianism

Question 14

This refers to harming oneself or others as a way to cope with the anxiety and uncertainty that comes with freedom.

Answer 14

Destructiveness

Question 15

This involves mindlessly conforming to societal norms and expectations without considering one’s own values or beliefs.

Answer 15

Automaton Conformity

Question 16

which involves the ability to act authentically and responsibly in accordance with one’s true self and values. Positive freedom is about embracing the opportunities and responsibilities that come with freedom, rather than seeking to escape or avoid them

Answer 16

Positive Freedom

Question 17

People with a productive orientation are actively engaged in creating and contributing to the world around them. They seek to express their creativity, cultivate meaningful relationships, and contribute positively to society.

Answer 17

Productive Orientation

Question 18

People with a nonproductive orientation are more focused on consuming rather than creating. They may prioritize material possessions, status, or personal pleasure over meaningful engagement with the world or others.

Answer 18

Nonproductive Orientation

Question 19

someone who exploits others for personal gain, such as a con artist who deceives people for financial profit.

Answer 19

Exploitative Characters

Question 20

a person who excessively collects possessions or obsessively pursues wealth, often at the expense of their relationships and well-being.

Answer 20

Hoarding Characters

Question 21

a person who excessively collects possessions or obsessively pursues wealth, often at the expense of their relationships and well-being.

Answer 21

Hoarding Characters

Question 22

individuals who base their self-worth and identity on external standards of success and achievement. They may prioritize image, status, and social approval, often at the expense of authenticity and genuine connection with others. Someone who constantly seeks validation and admiration on social media, portraying an idealized version of themselves to gain likes and followers.

Answer 22

Marketing Characters

Question 23

Someone tendencies might be obsessed with violence, decay, or negativity, and they may struggle to find joy or meaning in life

Answer 23

Necrophilia

Question 24

Someone might exploit others for personal gain, disregard the feelings or needs of others, and react aggressively when their ego is threatened

Answer 24

Malignant Narcissism

Question 25

a mother and son might have an incestuous symbiosis if they are overly dependent on each other for emotional support and have difficulty establishing healthy boundaries or pursuing independent lives.

Answer 25

Incestuous Symbiosis

Question 26

Known as the most fundamental, the strongest, and the most underlying kind of love, brotherly love encompasses the bond between individuals who share a sense of camaraderie, loyalty, and mutual support. It’s the love we feel for our siblings, close friends, or even members of our community. This love is often characterized by companionship, empathy, and a willingness to help one another through life’s challenges.

Answer 26

Brotherly Love

Question 27

Often portrayed as unconditional and nurturing, motherly love encompasses selflessness, protection, and support. It’s the kind of love typically associated with a mother’s bond with her child.

Answer 27

Motherly Love

Question 28

This love involves romantic and passionate feelings between partners. It encompasses physical attraction, intimacy, and emotional connection, ideally combined with care, respect, and responsibility.

Answer 28

Erotic Love

Question 29

This is about recognizing one’s own worth, taking care of oneself, and prioritizing personal well-being. It involves self-acceptance, self-compassion, and setting boundaries to maintain a healthy relationship with oneself.

Answer 29

Self-Love

Question 30

This refers to the spiritual or religious love for a divine being or higher power. It involves devotion, reverence, and a deep sense of connection to something greater than oneself. For many individuals, this love provides meaning, guidance, and comfort in life.

Answer 30

Love of God

Question 31

This need pertains to our desire for connection and relationships with others. Humans seek to overcome feelings of isolation through love, friendship, and social bonds. It’s about forming meaningful connections where we can share ourselves and understand others, fostering a sense of belonging.

Answer 31

Relatedness

Question 32

This is the need to rise above our basic animal nature and create something meaningful or influence the world around us. This can be achieved through creativity, acts of kindness, and meaningful work. It’s our way of making an impact and feeling that our lives have purpose beyond mere survival.

Answer 32

Transcendence

Question 33

This is the need to feel grounded and secure, to have a stable place where we belong. It’s about having a sense of home and being connected to our roots, whether that’s through our family, culture, or community.

Answer 33

Rootedness

Question 34

This need is about having a clear sense of who we are as individuals. Fromm believed that it’s important for people to develop their own unique identity, to understand and accept themselves, and to feel confident in who they are. Establishing a strong identity helps us navigate life with confidence and direction, giving us a sense of consistency and coherence.

Answer 34

Sense of Identity

Question 35

This refers to the need for a stable way of understanding the world and our place in it. It’s about having a set of beliefs or a worldview that helps us make sense of life and guides our actions. This can come from religion, philosophy, or a personal set of values.

Answer 35

Frame of Orientation

Question 36

Providing a reward or something pleasant after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. For example, rewarding a child candy after he cleans his bedroom to encourage him to always clean it.

Answer 36

Positive Reinforcement

Question 37

Removing a punishment or something unpleasant after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. For example, removing a child’s household chores after he scored well on an exam to encourage him to score well again on his next ones.

Answer 37

Negative Reinforcement

Question 38

Providing a punishment or something unpleasant after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. For example, giving extra household chores to a child after he got into a fight with his classmate to discourage him from doing it again.

Answer 38

Positive Punishment

Question 39

Removing a reward or something pleasant after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. For example, removing a child’s screen time privilege after he got into a fight with his classmate to discourage him from doing it again.

Answer 39

Negative Punishment

Question 40

This is when reinforcements are given after every single desired behavior. For example, giving a child rewards every time he scores well on an exam.

Answer 40

Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)

Question 41

This is when reinforcements are given after some desired behavior, but never after each one.

Answer 41

Intermittent or Partial Reinforcement (IRF)

Question 42

This is when reinforcements are given every after a fixed or constant number of desired behaviors. For example, rewarding a child every three good exam scores.

Answer 42

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 43

This is when reinforcements are given every after a varying number of desired behaviors. For example, rewarding a child every after varying numbers of good exam scores. Sometimes he gets a reward after two good exam scores, sometimes after five, etc.

Answer 43

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 44

This is when reinforcements are given every after a fixed or constant amount of time has passed. For example, rewarding a child for his good exam scores every three months.

Answer 44

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Question 45

This is when reinforcements are given every after a varying amount of time has passed. For example, rewarding a child for his good exam scores every after varying time intervals. Sometimes after two months, sometimes after five, etc.

Answer 45

Variable-Interval Schedule

Question 46

Also known as modeling or social learning, this is a type of learning where individuals learn new behaviors by watching others. This does not require the learner to perform any action in order to learn. For example, a child learns to say “please” by observing their parents.

Answer 46

Observational Learning

Question 47

The learner must pay attention to the model’s behaviors in order to learn new information and behaviors.

Answer 47

Attentional Process

Question 48

The learner must retain or save the new information and behaviors they learned in order to use them in the future.

Answer 48

Retentional Process

Question 49

The learner must use the new information and behaviors they learned by converting them into actions. This will also aid the retention of the learned information and behaviors, because the more you use them, the longer they retain in your brain.

Answer 49

Reproduction Process

Question 50

It can be either intrinsic (e.g., personal interest and enjoyment, passion, or fulfilment) or extrinsic (e.g., rewards, money, or praises from other people).

Answer 50

Motivational Process

Question 51

This is a type of learning where individuals learn new behaviors by actually doing them. This involves trial and error, feedback, and gaining confidence through practice. For example, a person learns to cook a dish by actually cooking it, learning from mistakes, and refining their technique over time.

Answer 51

Enactive Learning

Question 52

This factor focuses on individual characteristics such as thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and biological factors. It includes aspects like personality traits, cognitive processes, and genetic predispositions. These personal factors shape how individuals perceive and interpret their environment, as well as how they respond behaviorally.

Answer 52

Personal Factor

Question 53

This factor refers to the external influences and surroundings that affect behavior. This includes social, cultural, and physical environments such as family, peers, societal norms, institutions, and geographic location. Environmental factors provide the context in which behavior occurs and can either encourage or discourage certain actions.

Answer 53

Environmental Factor

Question 54

This factor involves the actions and behaviors individuals engage in. It includes observable behaviors, as well as internal processes like decision-making and problem-solving. Behaviors can influence both personal factors (such as thoughts and emotions) and environmental factors (such as social interactions and physical surroundings).

Answer 54

Behavioral Factor

Question 55

These are one’s own successes and failures in past experiences. When you successfully complete a task or overcome a challenge, it boosts your confidence in your ability to handle similar situations in the future. Failures, on the other hand, can lower your self-efficacy.

Answer 55

Mastery Experiences

Question 56

These are observations of others’ successes and failures in their experiences. People can gain confidence by watching others similar to themselves successfully perform tasks or overcome obstacles. Likewise, witnessing others fail in tasks or in overcoming obstacles can undermine their self-efficacy.

Answer 56

Vicarious Experiences

Question 57

These are encouragements and feedback from others. Positive feedback, encouragement, and support from others can boost someone’s confidence in their abilities. Conversely, negative feedback or discouragement can undermine self efficacy.

Answer 57

Social Persuasion

Question 58

These are sensations, emotions, and physical conditions one feels or experiences. Bodily sensations and emotional states can influence self-efficacy. Feeling calm, relaxed, and energized can enhance confidence, while feeling anxious or fatigued can undermine it.

Answer 58

Physiological States

Question 59

This treatment approach requires the client to observe others perform a behavior or watch a video of someone performing a behavior and see the outcomes of that behavior. For example, if you observe or watch someone successfully manage their anxiety in a social situation, you may learn that you can also manage your anxiety in similar situations.

Answer 59

Vicarious Modeling

Question 60

This treatment approach requires the client to imagine or visualize a situation, or listen to the thought process of others to think through problems or tasks. For example, imagining or visualizing yourself successfully manage your anxiety in a social situation or hearing the stories of others about how they manage their anxiety in a social situation can help you learn how to approach or solve your social anxiety.

Answer 60

Cognitive Modeling

Question 61

This treatment approach requires the client approach or solve their problems or tasks through direct experience or practice. This will build their skills and confidence by practicing the behavior themselves, starting with simple tasks and gradually moving to more complex ones. For example, if someone is afraid of public speaking, they might start by speaking in front of a small, supportive group, and gradually work up to larger audiences.

Answer 61

Enactive Mastery

Question 62

This is the innate drive within every individual to grow, develop, and fulfill their potential. It’s like the natural inclination of a seed to grow into a plant given the right conditions. In humans, the formative tendency is the inherent urge to become the best version of ourselves, to learn, evolve, and flourish over time.

Answer 62

Formative Tendency

Question 63

This is the innate drive towards self-actualization, or becoming the most complete and fulfilled version of oneself. It’s like an internal compass guiding us towards realizing our true potential and living authentically. This tendency motivates us to seek out experiences, relationships, and environments that support our growth and well-being.

Answer 63

Actualizing Tendency

Question 64

These are the basic needs required for survival and well-being, such as food, water, shelter, safety, and belongingness. Just like a car needs regular maintenance to keep running smoothly, humans have these foundational needs that must be met to function effectively and feel secure in their environment.

Answer 64

Maintenance Needs

Question 65

These are the higher-level needs related to personal growth, self-actualization, and fulfillment. They include the desire for love, self-esteem, self-expression, creativity, and the pursuit of meaningful goals. While maintenance needs keep us alive, enhancement needs give our lives meaning and purpose, driving us to become the best versions of ourselves.

Answer 65

Enhancement Needs

Question 66

Conditions of worth are standards or conditions set by others that dictate how we should behave or what we should achieve to feel accepted or valued. For example, a student only feels worthy when they receive praise from their parents for getting good grades. They believe they must always excel academically to be loved and accepted.

Answer 66

Conditions of Worth

Question 67

omeone who believes they are a kind and caring person but frequently acts in ways that are hurtful or selfish might experience incongruence. They struggle to reconcile their self-image with their behavior, leading to inner conflict.

Answer 67

Incongruence

Question 68

if a person receives feedback at work about their performance and immediately becomes defensive, denying any wrongdoing or blaming others, they are displaying defensiveness. This reaction shields them from feeling vulnerable but prevents them from learning and growing.

Answer 68

Defensiveness

Question 69

when our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors lack coherence or clarity, leading to confusion and instability. Someone experiencing disorganization might feel overwhelmed by conflicting emotions and have difficulty making decisions. For instance, they may want to pursue multiple career paths simultaneously without a clear plan, leading to confusion and lack of progress in any direction.

Answer 69

Disorganization

Question 70

This means being genuine and authentic in therapy. The therapist is honest and open about their own feelings and thoughts. By being true to themselves, therapists create an atmosphere of trust where clients feel safe to be themselves too. It’s like both parties are on the same page, and there’s no pretending or hiding. Imagine a therapy session where the client expresses feeling overwhelmed by their responsibilities at work. The therapist, instead of pretending to have all the answers or dismissing the client’s concerns, admits that they too have experienced similar feelings of stress at work. They might say something like, “I understand how challenging that can be. I’ve felt that way myself when I’ve had a lot on my plate.” This openness creates a genuine connection between the therapist and client, fostering trust and honesty in the therapeutic relationship.

Answer 70

Congruence

Question 71

This is about accepting and respecting the client without any judgment, no matter what they say or do. The therapist offers warmth, acceptance, and support regardless of the client’s behavior or feelings. It’s like giving someone a big hug emotionally, letting them know they’re valued and accepted just as they are. For example: In another session, a client shares feelings of guilt and shame about past mistakes they’ve made in their personal relationships. Rather than judging or criticizing the client, the therapist responds with warmth and acceptance, saying something like, “It’s understandable to feel that way, but it’s important to remember that everyone makes mistakes. You’re still worthy of love and respect, regardless of your past actions.” This unconditional acceptance reassures the client that they are valued and deserving of support, regardless of their flaws or past behaviors.

Answer 71

Unconditional Positive Regards

Question 72

This is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. The therapist listens carefully and tries to see things from the client’s perspective, truly stepping into their shoes. It’s like having a friend who really gets you, who listens not just with their ears but with their heart, making you feel understood and validated. For example: During a therapy session, a client talks about their struggles with anxiety in social situations. The therapist listens attentively, not only to the words the client is saying but also to the emotions underlying their story. They might reflect back what they’re hearing, saying something like, “It sounds like social situations can be really overwhelming for you. It must be tough to feel that way.” By acknowledging and validating the client’s feelings, the therapist demonstrates empathy and understanding, helping the client feel seen and heard.

Answer 72

Empathic Listening

Question 73

People of tomorrow will be better at adjusting to new situations and ideas, being open to different perspectives and willing to change their thinking when needed.

Answer 73

Adaptability and Flexibility

Question 74

They will be receptive to new experiences, accurately understanding and accepting them instead of ignoring or distorting them.

Answer 74

Openness to Experience

Question 75

They will be more present-focused, embracing the constant flow of change and remaining engaged in the present rather than dwelling on the past or worrying about the future.

Answer 75

Living Fully in the Moment

Question 76

They will have faith in their ability to build and maintain healthy relationships with others, feeling secure and comfortable in their interactions.

Answer 76

Confidence in Relationships

Question 77

They have a seamless connection between their conscious and unconscious selves, leading to a sense of completeness and unity.

Answer 77

Integration and Wholeness

Question 78

They believe in the inherent goodness and potential for growth within themselves and others.

Answer 78

Basic Trust in Human Nature

Question 79

They experience life to the fullest, finding fulfillment and satisfaction in their experiences and relationships.

Answer 79

Greater Richness in Life

Question 80

These are the basic life needs which are necessary for our survival. Examples of these needs are food, water, air, sleep, and sleep. These needs must be met first before one seeks for the other needs.

Answer 80

Physiological Needs

Question 81

Once physiological needs are met, people seek to feel safe and secure in their lives. Safety need refers to the need for security and protection. This includes personal safety (such as having a safe place to live), financial security (such as having a stable job), good health, and well-being.

Answer 81

Safety Needs

Question 82

people want to belong and be loved. Social need refers to the need for social relationship and acceptance. This includes forming friendships, romantic relationships, or social groups, or having strong connections with our families.

Answer 82

Social Needs (Love and Belonging Needs)

Question 83

they strive to be respected and valued. They want to feel good about themselves and be recognized for their achievements. Esteem need refers to the need for self-esteem and respect from others. This includes achievement, recognition, status, and self-confidence.

Answer 83

Esteem Needs

Question 84

eople seek to become the best version of themselves. Self-actualization need refers to the need to realize one’s full potential and personal growth. This involves personal growth, fulfilling potential, and finding purpose in life.

Answer 84

Self-Actualization Needs

Question 85

These are needs related to beauty, art, and balance. People have a desire to experience and create beauty in their surroundings. This could mean enjoying beautiful landscapes, appreciating art, or creating something that looks or sounds beautiful, like painting or music. It’s about having a sense of order, symmetry, and aesthetically pleasing experiences in life.

Answer 85

Aesthetic Needs

Question 86

These are needs related to knowledge, understanding, and curiosity. People have a natural desire to learn and understand the world around them. This includes the need to explore, discover, and satisfy their curiosity. For instance, reading books, solving puzzles, or learning new skills are ways to fulfill cognitive needs. It’s about the joy of knowing and understanding more.

Answer 86

Cognitive Needs

Question 87

These are unhealthy needs that can arise when other basic needs are not met. Neurotic needs often stem from unmet basic needs and lead to unhealthy patterns of behavior. For example, someone might develop an obsessive need for control or excessive approval from others if their safety or esteem needs aren’t adequately met. These needs don’t promote growth and can instead lead to anxiety or psychological problems.

Answer 87

Neurotic Needs

Question 88

These are needs related to helping others achieve their potential and connecting with something beyond oneself. Once all other needs are satisfied, people may feel a need to help others or seek a higher purpose. This could involve mentoring, supporting others, spiritual activities, or connecting with something larger than oneself, like a cause or a belief in a higher power. It’s about moving beyond personal self-actualization to support and uplift others.

Answer 88

Transcendence Needs

Question 89

This refers to our relationship with the physical and biological environment. It includes our sensory experiences and interactions with nature and objects. For example, feeling the warmth of the sun, hearing birds chirp, eating food, or breathing fresh air.

Answer 89

Umwelt or The Natural World

Question 90

This mode involves our relationships and interactions with other people. It encompasses the social and cultural dimensions of our existence. For example, engaging in conversations, forming friendships, or participating in community activities.

Answer 90

Mitwelt or The Social World

Question 91

This is about our relationship with ourselves. It includes self-awareness, personal reflections, and understanding our own thoughts, feelings, and identity. For example, reflecting on personal values, experiencing emotions, or contemplating one’s purpose in life.

Answer 91

Eigenwelt or The Inner World

Question 92

This concept involves the recognition of death and the inherent anxiety that comes with it. It’s the understanding that our existence is finite, which can lead to existential anxiety but also motivates us to find meaning and purpose in life. For example: feeling anxious when thinking about death, which can prompt someone to live more fully and authentically.

Answer 92

Nonbeing

Question 93

eeling anxious before a job interview or a big exam. This anxiety can push you to prepare well and do your best.

Answer 93

Normal Anxiety

Question 94

feeling intense and persistent fear about leaving the house even when there is no real danger, leading to avoidance behaviors and limiting your daily activities.

Answer 94

Neurotic Anxiety

Question 95

form of love driven by physical attraction and the biological urge for reproduction or sexual intimacy. It focuses on the bodily connection and the pleasure derived from sexual activity. For example, the physical desire and pleasure experienced in a sexual relationship.

Answer 95

Sex

Question 96

more intense form of love that involves passion and longing. It goes beyond mere physical attraction and encompasses a desire for a lasting, meaningful connection with another person. For example, falling in love and experiencing a passionate, romantic relationship where there is a deep emotional bond.

Answer 96

Eros

Question 97

love found in close friendships. It involves mutual respect, shared interests, and a deep sense of companionship without the intensity of erotic passion. For example, the strong bond between close friends who support and care for each other.

Answer 97

Philia

Question 98

the highest form of love, characterized by selflessness and altruism. It is unconditional and does not depend on any personal gain. This love is about caring for others genuinely and deeply, without expecting anything in return. For example, acts of kindness and charity, such as helping strangers in need or caring for others without expecting anything back.

Answer 98

Agape

Question 99

freedom to make choices and take responsibility for our actions. It emphasizes our ability to choose our paths in life and create meaning through our decisions. This freedom involves embracing uncertainty and accepting the consequences of our choices. For example, choosing your career, deciding where to live, or selecting your daily activities.

Answer 99

Existential Freedom

Question 100

freedom to be our true selves and live authentically. It involves going beyond societal expectations, cultural norms, and external pressures to conform. Essential freedom allows us to express our unique identity and values, regardless of external influences. For example, deciding to pursue a passion, like painting or writing, because it reflects who you truly are, even if it’s not the most practical choice.

Answer 100

Essential Freedom

Question 101

freedom to be our true selves and live authentically. It involves going beyond societal expectations, cultural norms, and external pressures to conform. Essential freedom allows us to express our unique identity and values, regardless of external influences. For example, deciding to pursue a passion, like painting or writing, because it reflects who you truly are, even if it’s not the most practical choice.

Answer 101

Essential Freedom