People: THE INHABITANTS OF OUR WORLD Flashcards
The age of first menstruation has been decreasing from about … years in preindustrial societies to less than … years in today’s Western world, while the average onset of menopause has advanced slightly, to just above 50, resulting in a typical fertile span of some … years compared to about … years in traditional societies.
The age of first menstruation has been decreasing from about 17 years in preindustrial societies to less than 13 years in today’s Western world, while the average onset of menopause has advanced slightly, to just above 50, resulting in a typical fertile span of some 38 years compared to about 30 years in traditional societies.
There are … ovulations during the fertile lifespan
There are 300–400 ovulations during the fertile lifespan. As every pregnancy precludes 10 ovulations and because an additional 5–6 ovulations have to be subtracted for each pregnancy, due to the reduced chance of conception during the traditionally prolonged breastfeeding period, the maximum fertility rate is about two dozen pregnancies. With some multiple births the total can be in excess of 24 live births, confirmed by historical records of women having more than 30 children.
In 1950, … percent of humanity lived incountries with fertilities above 6 and the mean rate was about 5; by the year 2000, just 5 percent of the global population was in countries with fertilities above 6
In 1950, 40 percent of humanity lived incountries with fertilities above 6 and the mean rate was about 5; by the year 2000, just 5 percent of the global population was in countries with fertilities above 6, and the mean (2.6) was close to the replacement level. By 2050, nearly three-quarters of humanity will reside in countries with below-replacement fertility.
Europe population in % in the world? (in 1900 and in 2020?)
This nearly global shift has had enormous demographic, economic, and strategic implications. European importance has diminished (in 1900 the continent had about 18 percent of the world’s population; in 2020 it has only 9.5 percent) and Asia has ascended (60 percent of the world total in 2020)
…but regional high fertilities guarantee that nearly 75 percent of all births during the 50 years between 2020 and 2070 will be in Africa.
…but regional high fertilities guarantee that nearly 75 percent of all births during the 50 years between 2020 and 2070 will be in Africa.
Total fertility rate (TFR) in France?
Sweden?
Spain, Italy, Romania?
Japan, Ukraine, Greece, Croatia?
If the national rates remain close to the replacement (no lower than 1.7; France and Sweden were at 1.8 in 2019), then there is a good chance of possible future rebounds. Once they slip below 1.5, such reversals appear increasingly unlikely: in 2019, there were record lows of 1.3 in Spain, Italy, and Romania, and 1.4 in Japan, Ukraine, Greece, and Croatia.
The best indicator of quality of life?
My own choice of a single-variable measure for rapid and revealing comparisons of quality of life is infant mortality: the number of deaths during the first year of life that take place per 1,000 live births.
Infant mortality is such a powerful indicator because low rates are impossible to achieve without having a combination of several critical conditions that definegood quality of life—good healthcare in general, and appropriate prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal care in particular; proper maternal and infant nutrition; adequate and sanitary living conditions; and access to social support for disadvantaged families—and that are also predicated on relevant government and private spending, and on infrastructures and incomes that can maintain usage and access. A single variable thus captures a number of prerequisites for the near-universal survival of the most critical period of life: the first year.
Infant mortalities in preindustrial societies were uniformly and cruelly high: even by 1850 the rates in western Europe and in the United States were as high as … (that is, every … to every third child did not survive the first 365 days).
By 1950, the Western mean was reduced to … (typically one out of … newborns died within its first year), and now the lowest rates in affluent countries are below …. (with one infant among … not seeing its first birthday). frontrunners show why the measure cannot be used for simplistic ranking without reference to wider demographic conditions.
Infant mortalities in preindustrial societies were uniformly and cruelly high: even by 1850 the rates in western Europe and in the United States were as high as 200–300 (that is, every fifth to every third child did not survive the first 365 days). By 1950, the Western mean was reduced to 35–65 (typically one out of 20 newborns died within its first year), and now the lowest rates in affluent countries are below 5 (with one infant among 200 not seeing its first birthday). After leaving out minuscule jurisdictions—from Andorra and Anguilla to Monaco and San Marino—this group with infant mortalities lower than 5 per 1,000 includes about 35 countries ranging from Japan (at 2) to Serbia (at just under 5), and its frontrunners show why the measure cannot be used for simplistic ranking without reference to wider demographic conditions.
Modern vaccination dates back to the 18th century, when Edward Jenner introduced it against ….
Modern vaccination dates back to the 18th century, when Edward Jenner introduced it against smallpox.
Vaccines against … and … were created before the First World War, and others against …,…, and …before the Second.
Vaccines against cholera and plague were created before the First World War, and others against tuberculosis,tetanus, and diphtheria before the Second.
For every dollar invested in vaccination, $… is expected to be saved in healthcare costs and the lost wages and lost productivity caused by illness and death.
For every dollar invested in vaccination, $16 is expected to be saved in healthcare costs and the lost wages and lost productivity caused by illness and death.
And when the analysis went beyond the restricted cost-of-illness approach and looked at broader economic benefits, it found the net benefit-cost ratio was more than twice as high—reaching … times
And when the analysis went beyond the restricted cost-of-illness approach and looked at broader economic benefits, it found the net benefit-cost ratio was more than twice as high—reaching 44 times, with an uncertainty range of 27 to 67. The highest rewards were for averting measles: a 58-fold return.
The hardest part might be to eliminate the threat of infectious diseases entirely. … [disease] is perhaps the best illustration of this challenge: the worldwide infection rate dropped from some 400,000 cases in 1985 to fewer than 100 by the year 2000, but in 2016 there were still 37 cases in violence-beset regions of northern Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
The hardest part might be to eliminate the threat of infectious diseases entirely. Polio is perhaps the best illustration of this challenge: the worldwide infection rate dropped from some 400,000 cases in 1985 to fewer than 100 by the year 2000, but in 2016 there were still 37 cases in violence-beset regions of northern Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. And, as illustrated recently by the Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19 viruses, new infection risks will arise. Vaccines remain the best way to control them.
main factor that influence how tall people are?
Better health and better nutrition—above all, greater intakes of high-quality animal protein (milk, dairy products, meat, and eggs)—have driven the shift, and being taller is associated with a surprisingly large number of benefits.
Detailed Japanese data, recorded since 1900 for both sexes at 12 different ages between 5 and 24, show how growth responds tonutritional constraints and improvements: between 1900 and 1940 the average height of 10-year-old boys rose by … cm/year, but wartime food shortages cut it by … cm/year; the annual increase resumed only in 1949, and during the second half of the century it averaged … cm/year.
Detailed Japanese data, recorded since 1900 for both sexes at 12 different ages between 5 and 24, show how growth responds tonutritional constraints and improvements: between 1900 and 1940 the average height of 10-year-old boys rose by 0.15 cm/year, but wartime food shortages cut it by 0.6 cm/year; the annual increase resumed only in 1949, and during the second half of the century it averaged 0.25 cm/year.
