People of the UK Flashcards

Question

where do people come from? (2011 and before)

Answer 1

outward growth of urban development (people moving to edges of urban areas) which may lead to the engulfing of surrounding villages and towns to create a larger urban agglomeration

Answer 2

when large numbers of people move from urban areas into the surrounding countryside/rural areas

Answer 3

process of returning to live in an urbanised area, often following redevelopment or gentrification of it

Answer 4

- more peaceful place to live - crime rates perceived to be lower - cost of living less the in the city - easier to get on the housing market (cheaper than urban markets) - improvements in rail and road links mean getting to the urban areas to work isn’t difficult

Answer 5

Economic – Decline of city center businesses → As people leave, footfall decreases → Local businesses struggle or close, leading to economic decline. Economic – Increased suburban infrastructure costs → Demand for new roads, schools, and utilities rises → Local governments must invest heavily in suburban expansion. Environmental – Urban sprawl and habitat loss → Expansion of suburbs leads to deforestation, loss of farmland, and destruction of ecosystems. Environmental – Increased car dependency and pollution → Longer commutes lead to higher fuel consumption → More emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution. Social – Decline in inner-city population → Leads to depopulation, vacant properties, and urban decay → Increased crime and social issues in remaining urban populations. Social – Increased suburban social homogeneity → Suburbs often attract middle-class families → Can lead to social segregation and lack of diversity → loss of soul/culture.

Answer 6

Economic – Rising rural property prices → Increased demand raises house prices → Can price out local residents, leading to tensions. Economic – Decline in urban workforce → Businesses in cities may struggle to find employees → Economic activity in urban areas could slow down. Environmental – Increased pressure on rural ecosystems → More housing development leads to habitat destruction, increased waste, and water shortages. Environmental – Increased commuting distances → If people still work in cities, longer commutes increase traffic congestion and emissions. Social – Strain on rural services → Small villages may struggle with demand for healthcare, education, and transport services. Social – Changing rural communities → Influx of urban migrants can alter rural traditions and culture → May lead to social divisions between newcomers and long-term residents.

Answer 7

the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process

Answer 8

63000 uni students in leeds - not considered permanent - don’t care about future of city

Answer 9

Harehills Rd: halal butchers - Noor Foods south asian clothes - M.S. Cloth House Samaa Babel - money transfers - immigrants send money home- LINK THIS! Krakow mini market - Poland Bucharest Magazin - Romania immigration and visa services - which are unusual to have on a main high street

Answer 10

Leeds West Indian Carneval: - yearly since August 1967 - first authentic formalised one in europe Black Music Festival: - europe’s biggest free openair festival

Answer 11

Very dense road network in central Leeds (also very large roads - dual carriageways). Example: M621, A61. Issues: Air, noise, light pollution & congestion. Impact: People with asthma/respiratory diseases (local). Water: Kill aquatic life (oil patterns on road washed out), tire particles too. Consequences: More pollution, flooding. Very good bus network - Covers area well (First Bus reaches suburbs). Also high-frequency routes run up to every 10 minutes.

Answer 12

* Cars: 44% of journeys in Leeds (2011). * Congested roads constrain potential job opportunities (can’t get into the city & road safety). * Increase in demand for rail (has increased 3x from 1971–2011). * Links businesses/workers/households. Buses * are crucial - Link people to jobs/education/training/shopping/health. * Fare: £2.60. * Provide social inclusion. * Has fallen by 6% in recent years due to change in price. Poor Air Quality * Emissions of air pollutants & noise - NO₂, 3rd worst in the country. * Annual emissions of PM10 & PM2.5 above WHO guidelines. Population * Up by 85% (2011–2028). Underinvestment * £256 per capita (compared with £466 in London). * Symptomatic of decades of underinvestment in West Yorkshire.

Answer 13

* Prosperous economy for the city: Strengthen long-term economic competitiveness. * Livable: More people-friendly, walkable city. Opportunities to better local jobs. * Healthy: Positive effect on people's health & well-being - raising health standards. Additional Notes * High-quality Transport Hubs * The Headrow: Key east-west corridor in city center - Tie running to Leeds Town Hall. * Infirmary Street/Park Row: Primary Leeds station gateway & links business districts, universities, hospitals, etc. * Vicar Lane/Bow Lane/Lower Briggate: Links with retail core, markets, South Bank, Leeds Station. More Solutions (Buses): * Expanding park & ride schemes. Example: Elland Road. Removed over 9,000 cars away from the city center. * Changing vehicle types to high-quality & low-emission. VI engines in buses produce 68% less NO₂. * Leeds Core Bus Network: Every 15 minutes, 18 key routes.

Answer 14

Social Sustainability ✅ Yes: This strategy directly addresses Leeds’ housing shortage by providing much-needed affordable homes. By incorporating energy-efficient features and accessible design, it enhances long-term quality of life for residents. ❌ No: However, the scale of development is insufficient—only 1,500 homes are planned, but demand for affordable housing is over 1,230 per year. This means the housing crisis will persist despite these efforts. Economic Sustainability ✅ Yes: Public investment in council housing provides long-term benefits, as tenants have lower energy bills due to efficiency measures, and Leeds City Council retains ownership of properties, securing future rental income. ❌ No: Large-scale public funding is needed upfront, which may limit the city’s ability to invest in other services or housing strategies. Additionally, demand still exceeds supply, meaning long-term costs of housing support may remain high. Environmental Sustainability ✅ Yes: The strategy incorporates energy-efficient heating, glazing, and vehicle charging, reducing emissions and lowering long-term environmental impact. ❌ No: However, building new homes still has an environmental cost due to land use changes, material consumption, and construction emissions. Retrofitting existing housing could be a greener alternative.

Answer 15

Social Sustainability ✅ Yes: The development promotes an active lifestyle with cycling infrastructure, green spaces, and car-free living. Its proximity to the city centre supports social integration and urban vibrancy. ❌ No: However, none of the flats are classified as affordable housing, limiting access for lower-income groups. While the developer has contributed £1.6 million to the council for affordable housing elsewhere, this does not directly help those in need of housing within the development itself. Economic Sustainability ✅ Yes: The inclusion of business spaces on the ground floor supports job creation, strengthening the local economy. The contribution to the council also helps fund affordable housing elsewhere in Leeds. ❌ No: But, the lack of affordability in the development itself creates an economic imbalance, where only wealthier residents can benefit directly from the project. This limits its impact on solving Leeds' broader housing crisis. Environmental Sustainability ✅ Yes: The low-carbon design, use of solar heating, and reliance on natural ventilation significantly reduce the development’s environmental footprint. The car-free model further cuts emissions and encourages sustainable transport. ❌ No: However, the environmental benefits depend on resident behavior—if occupants do not fully embrace cycling or public transport, emissions could still be an issue. Additionally, constructing a high-rise building has embedded carbon costs.

Answer 16

Rising Waste Generation Issue: Leeds has experienced a notable increase in household waste generation. Between 1997-98 and 2001-02, waste volumes rose from 265,000 tonnes to 328,648 tonnes, marking an almost 7% annual growth rate. This trend has likely continued, exacerbating the strain on waste management systems. Sustainability Impact: The escalating waste generation contributes to higher landfill usage, increased greenhouse gas emissions, and greater resource consumption, challenging the city's environmental sustainability goals. Recycling Rate Stagnation Issue: Despite efforts, Leeds' recycling rates have plateaued. As of the latest data, the city recycles around 39% of its household waste, with minimal progress in recent years. Sustainability Impact: Stagnant recycling rates hinder the city's ability to reduce landfill dependency and lower environmental pollution, impeding progress toward carbon neutrality. Financial Constraints Issue: Leeds City Council has faced significant budgetary challenges in waste management, including a projected overspend of nearly £5 million in a recent fiscal year. Factors contributing to this include increased waste volumes and rising operational costs. Sustainability Impact: Financial constraints limit the council's capacity to invest in sustainable waste management infrastructure and programs, potentially leading to service reductions or delays in implementing green initiatives.

Answer 17

1. Affordable Housing Shortage High Demand: Leeds has over 26,000 applicants on the West Yorkshire Social Housing waiting list, with 22% identified as having urgent housing needs. Limited Supply: Despite efforts, the city continues to fall short of meeting the identified need for 1,230 affordable homes per year. 2. Empty Properties Underutilized Housing: As of 2022, there were 11,861 empty homes in the Leeds Council area, highlighting a significant resource that could be leveraged to address housing demand. 3. Housing Quality and Safety Substandard Conditions: Some social housing in Leeds suffers from issues like mould, vermin infestations, and structural hazards, posing health risks to residents. 5.3% no central heating 3.7% overcrowded 4. Homelessness Rough Sleeping: As of December 2024, there were 49 rough sleepers and 855 homeless individuals in Leeds, indicating ongoing challenges in providing adequate shelter and support services. 6. Aging Population Accessible Housing Needs: With around 17% of Leeds residents being disabled or having long-term health problems, there's a growing demand for accessible and supportive housing options.

Answer 18

witihin UK: - one stop away from east coast mainline - rail connections to Manchester/Liverpoiil - Leeds Bradford Airport: domestic flights to Belfast and Guernsey, also international flights outside: - partner city with Lille - work together on youth and education projects to adress common challenges

Answer 19

Brownfield site, car-free, and 15 minutes from the city centre. 312 secure cycle spaces encourage active transport. Low-carbon design with solar heating and natural ventilation. Ground floor business spaces to create up to 20 jobs. No affordable housing, but £1.6 million contribution to council for affordable home development.

Answer 20

4,500 homes built (2023-24), with 650 classified as affordable. Demand for affordable housing is much higher (1,230 needed per year). 26,000 applicants on social housing waiting lists, 22% in urgent need. Leeds aims to build 1,500 new council homes by March 2025. Features include gardens, energy-efficient heating, EV charging, and accessibility improvements.

Answer 21

City in northern england, county of west yorkshire. close to the M1 (london to edinburgh) and M62 (hull to liverpool) Leeds is a city in Yorkshire, in the North of England. It is a major financial centre which has experienced redevelopment and regeneration in the last decade, private investment in sectors like retail and a growth in population of 80,000 people.

Answer 22

due to geology (coal seams) - lots of coal mines - can be used as power for machinery Aire and Calder navigation on the eastern edges of leeds leads to Hull (a port city) - allows more trade to occur by ship - boosts economy canal links to Liverpool and Manchester

Answer 23

renovation of derelict buildings The Ox-Club, Michelinstarred restaurant is located in Headrow House. It is a former textile mill which was redeveloped to provide more services and accommodation for wealthy people in the city. On the one hand, this acts a multiplier effect and creates more opportunities and services, but it does not create affordable housing and therefore increases existing social inequalities in the city. Multiplier Effect Outline: Economic growth in Leeds has had a multiplier effect—where an increase in one sector stimulates further economic activity. Cause: The development of finance, technology, and retail sectors has created jobs, attracting more investment and stimulating further growth. The opening of Trinity Leeds shopping center increased retail jobs and boosted local businesses. The growth of Leeds Digital Hub led to further investment in the city’s tech ecosystem. Trinity Leeds, a major shopping center, attracted national retailers and international brands, bringing thousands of jobs in retail and customer service. The increased footfall from shoppers supported local businesses, restaurants, and entertainment venues, creating a positive economic feedback loop that benefitted the surrounding areas. The multiplier effect is clearly positive for the city’s economy, but it may be less beneficial for areas outside the city center. While urban regeneration areas flourish, some districts with fewer investments can experience stagnation, leaving certain communities behind. Relocation of business and services Outline: Economic growth in Leeds has led to the relocation and development of businesses and services. Cause: The city’s improved infrastructure and strategic location, combined with its growing economy, made it an attractive destination for businesses. The relocation of major businesses like KPMG to Leeds from London has boosted the city's economy. The development of Leeds Dock as a hub for digital businesses and creative industries. Expansion on Example: Leeds Dock, once an industrial area, was transformed into a thriving business hub. It now houses tech firms, digital media companies, and creative industries, contributing to the city's economic shift from manufacturing to service and tech sectors. However there have also been relocations in the tourist secotr - ROyal armouries museum which was relocated from London. This redevelopment has attracted significant investment, fostering innovation and creating jobs. While the relocation of businesses has contributed to Leeds' economic vitality, it has also led to gentrification. The rise in demand for office spaces and amenities has driven up property prices, making it harder for local residents to afford housing in these newly redeveloped areas. Improved Infrastructure • Economic growth leads to expansion/improvement of infrastructure (transport, housing, utilities, public spaces). Cause: • Higher tax revenues = more public investment. • More attractive to private investors = commercial, residential, and transport development. • Leeds-specific examples: • Leeds City Station redevelopment (increase capacity, modernisation). • South Bank Leeds regeneration (double city centre size, 8,000 homes, 35,000 jobs). • Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme (protection against future floods). • Connecting Leeds Transport Strategy (better buses, cycling, walking infrastructure). Consequences: • Positive: • Better connectivity within Leeds + other cities. • Attracts businesses, skilled workers. • Improves residents’ quality of life. • Stimulates further economic growth (e.g., construction sector). • Negative: • Rising property prices, gentrification (e.g., Holbeck, South Bank). • Risk of widening inequality (outer districts like Seacroft, Middleton might miss out). • Short-term disruption from construction. Evaluation: • Overall positive: boosts competitiveness, addresses historic underinvestment. • Risks: inequality if improvements are not evenly spread. • Need for focus on sustainable, inclusive development to ensure long-term benefits for all Leeds residents.

Answer 24

Increased House Prices Outline: Economic growth in Leeds has led to an increase in house prices. Cause: Urban regeneration, increased demand for housing, and in-migration of skilled workers have pushed house prices upward. Examples: Central areas like Headingley and Leeds City Centre have seen significant increases in house prices. Development projects like Victoria Gate shopping center and luxury apartments have contributed to higher property values. The redevelopment of Victoria Gate, with its luxury apartments and upscale retail offerings, has attracted wealthy individuals to the area. As a result, house prices in central areas have surged, making it increasingly difficult for long-standing residents to afford to live there. While the rise in house prices is a sign of economic growth, it also exacerbates social inequality. Increased property prices price out lower-income residents, leading to displacement and a lack of affordable housing options for the city's working class. Traffic Congestion Outline: Economic growth in Leeds has led to increased traffic congestion. Cause: The growth of the population and the number of businesses has increased the number of people commuting to the city, resulting in congestion. Leeds City Centre regularly experiences gridlock during peak hours. The rising number of commuters from surrounding areas like Wakefield and Bradford has put additional pressure on road infrastructure. During peak hours, the Leeds City Centre faces severe traffic congestion, which impacts workers’ commute times, increases air pollution, and causes delays in public transport. Despite attempts to improve public transport, road congestion remains a key issue due to the high number of commuters and limited road space. Evaluation: While traffic congestion is a negative byproduct of urban growth, it highlights the need for better public transport solutions. Without investment in sustainable transport, congestion will continue to worsen, impacting the city’s livability and air quality.

Answer 25

The main migrants to Leeds are students. In term time, there are 30,000 university students living in in the city. Students significantly increase the population of Leeds and increases demand for properties to rent, which means a lack of affordable housing. For example, the average property price in Leeds is £192,000. This means that first-time buyers find it difficult to get onto the housing ladder and people spend a high proportion of their income on rent or mortgage payments.