People of the planet Flashcards
What is the difference between social, economic, environmental and sustainable development
Social - improvements in people’s quality of life, e.g. literacy, health care and life expectancy
Economic - improvements in wealth, GNI and GD
Environmental - improvements in the quality of the natural world, e.g. air pollution and water quality
Sustainability - meeting the needs of the present while protecting the needs of the future
How are countries classified
Advanced Countries (ACs) - well developed financial markets, diversified economic structure with rapidly growing service sector, e.g. UK, USA, Japan
Emerging and Developing countries (EDCs) - do not share all the characteristics required to be an AC but are not eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust, e.g. India, China, Brazil
Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) - countries eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust from the IMF, e.g. Nigeria, Bangladesh, Afghanistan
How can development be measured
Economic - these are to do with money, e.g. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI) and various monetary measures of poverty and standard of living
Social - these are to do with people, e.g. infant mortality, life expectancy, access to doctors and educational attendance and achievement
What are the advantages and disadvantages of GNI
Advantages:
Can show differences between countries and show global patterns
Easy to calculate
Disadvantages:
Only focuses on wealth and not quality of life
Does not take into consideration variation in wealth
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Human Development Index (HDI)
Advantages:
Can show differences between countries and show global patterns
It shows how wealth within countries has been used
Disadvantage:
Only focuses on basic measurements
Data from some LIDCs can be unreliable
Hides inequalities in life expectancy, education and standards of living
What are the advantages and disadvantages of internet users
Advantages:
It is useful as it shows infrastructure is in place
Disadvantages:
Hides inequalities within countries
What are the consequences of uneven development
Development gap - half of the world’s wealth is owned by 1% of the population, a sign of the huge development gap that exists between the rich and poor
Health - low levels of investment in health care and nutrition account for high levels of infant mortality and high birth rates among the poor. These people become trapped in the ‘cycle of poverty’
Education - access to education and improved literacy are vital for people’s development and job prospects
Standards of living - in LIDCs, many people have to endure a lack of clean water and poor sanitation. This can lead to disease and reduce life chances and earning potential, further trapping people in the cycle of poverty
What are the physical factors that cause uneven development
Weather and climate - heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat or cold and vulnerability to tropical cyclones hampers economic development, e.g. limited and unreliable rainfall in western Africa
Relief - mountainous regions tend to be more remote an have poor infrastructure. They are subject to extreme weather conditions
Landlocked countries - countries that don’t have a coastline lack the ability of sea trade
Water shortages - water is essential for life and development
What are the human factors that cause uneven development
Colonisation - raw materials were taken from Africa so they couldn’t develop
Debt
Industrialisation
Growth of TNCs
What is the difference between short and long term aid
Short term - helps in an emergency, e.g. food, shelter and clothing
Long term - a more sustainable option which benefits the economy, society and the environment, e.g. building wells for water
What are the types of aid
Official government aid - given from one government directly to another. The receiving government controls the spending
Bilateral - the receiving country usually has to give something back (usually illegal)
Multilateral aid - provided by many countries. Organised by organisation such as United Nations
Voluntary - given by NGOs or charities. Aid is directed to the right place
Aid case study : Goat aid
What is the background
Oxfam charity
Gives goats to families and villages so they could produce food and income
Aid case study : Goat aid
Is it sustainable
Goats can reproduce and can be given to other families
Food, shelter and veterinary services will need to be provided
Knowledge can be passed on once taught
Benefits are more than just milk
Aid case study : Goat aid
What are the advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
Goat milk and meat is an excellent food source
Brings villages together as they look after goat
Manure can be used as fertiliser
Disadvantages:
Family has to provide food, shelter for goat
Veterinary care is expensive
Transporting the goat to a new environment could cause an issue
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the climate
Three distinct climate regions (western highlands, central area, eastern lowlands)
Rainfall is unreliable and can lead to prolonged drought, particularly in the eastern lowlands. Overgrazing and desertification are issues here as well
Despite unreliable rainfall, food production is high in the western and central regions
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the ecosystems
Tropical savanna grasslands are in the west highlands
Deserts and semi deserts are in the east lowlands
Biodiversity is high with thousands of species of plants and animals (including endangered species)
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the natural resources
Has reserves of gold, oil and gas which has yet to be exploited
Minerals (mostly gold) account for 20% of exports
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the key dates
1935 - 41:
Briefly colonised by Italy. In 1941, rebels and British troops claimed back independence
1984 - 87:
Famine killed a million people in one year. This was due to high food prices and drought
2001 - now:
Long term aid from countries such as the USA has assisted Ethiopia’s development
The government is stable and money has been invested through the Growth and Transformation Plan to improve agricultural productivity through skills training
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the trade like
Has a trade deficit of US$3 billion but imports value US$11 billion - this debt means that there is less government income to support development
Top imports are petroleum, trucks and fertilisers
Export coffee, flowers and livestock
Case study : Ethiopia
What are some examples of TNCs and what do they do
Hilton Hotels - leisure and recreational services, hotels
Afriflora - flower growing (largest producer of fair trade roses)
H&M - textile manufacturing, university education in textiles
What are advantages and disadvantages of TNCs
Advantages:
Provide employment and training of skills
Companies invest in local area
Have international business link to help industry thrive
Disadvantages:
Exploit low wage economy and avoid paying local taxes
Working conditions may be poor
Higher paid management jobs are held by foreign nationals
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the access to education like
96% of children are in primary education
An increased proportion to girls going to primary schools
Education quality varies - 36% literacy rate
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the improvements to health care
Infant mortality has dropped significantly
65% of children are vaccinated against preventable diseases
89% of the population live 10 km of a doctor
What are the stages of Rostow’s Model of development
- Traditional society:
Relies on collecting natural resources
High levels of agriculture and labour intensive agriculture - Pre-conditions for take off:
Infrastructure starts to improve
Agriculture starts to develop into a larger scale
Introduction to TNCs - Take off:
TNCs dominate the economy
Rural to urban migration greater scale
Nation becomes more modernised - Drive to maturity:
Doesn’t rely on foreign investment
More tertiary jobs
Quaternary jobs begin - High mass consumption:
Employment in tertiary sector
Second manufacturing shifts to smaller factories
Consumption increases
What is the settlement hierarchy
Conurbation
City
Large town
Small town
Village
Hamlet
Isolated dwelling or farm
Settlements increase in size but decrease in frequency
What is the difference between a megacity and a world city
Megacity - a city with a population of over 10 million
World city - a city considered to be an important node in the economic system and has iconic status and buildings
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a world city
Advantages:
Small ecological footprint
Cities are walkable and lots of public transport
Disadvantages:
More pollutants and rubbish
Produce 70% of CO2 emissions
Produce 1.3 billion tons of waste annually
What are some characteristics of world cities
Headquarters of multinational companies
Major centre for manufacturing
Highly rated universities
What are facts about ACs
Cities in Europe and North America reached the peak of their growth in the 1950s or earlier
The baby boomers lead to urban sprawl and the growth of cities
What are facts about EDCs and LIDCs
Younger people in rural areas move to urban areas looking for jobs
Many of these people then have children leading to high rates of natural growth
What are some examples of push and pull factors
Push factors:
Lack of job opportunities
Few services, e.g. education and health care
Poor electricity and power supplies
Pull factors:
Stable government
Better housing quality
More entertainment - the ‘bright lights’ of the city
What is the informal sector
Involves people finding their own employment
Require little people to set up, few skills and labour intensive
Don’t pay taxes
No legal rights
What is informal housing
Also know as slums or squatter settlements
Built on land that does not belong to the people building on it
Infrastructure is poor
Problems with electricity and water supplies
Disease can easily spread
Case study : Rosario
What is its importance
Third most populous city with over 1 million people
A regional transport hub with links to the Aramburu Highway
Lies on the Paraná river, second longest river
Rail, river and air links helped it to develop as an industrial centre
Dockside development which is a key point for imports and exports
Case study : Rosario
What are the patterns of migration
The culture of Rosario has been enriched by the fact it has attracts people from across Argentina
There has been an influx of migrants from other countries such as China and Taiwan
Italians have a significant number of immigrants which has influenced the city’s culture, e.g. food and architecture
Case study : Rosario
What is the way of life
Described as a socialist hub. Close links with trade unions due to its industrial heritage
Residents and visitors have good opportunities for shopping in El Centro, the central mall
Close cultural connection to meat. Third largest exporter of meat products. Cattle graze the grassland areas
Case study : Rosario
What are the challenges
Housing - there are many slums which house 100,000 people and take up 10% of the space in the city. The city’s infrastructure can’t keep up with new arrivals, available land is used up and slums develop along roads and railways
Transport - Port of Rosario is often clogged up with silt so it needs to be dredged to allow ships into Rosario. In 2012, new bus lanes have been added to reduce traffic congestion. There was a project to build a high speed train to join Rosario and Buenos Aires but was suspended due to high costs. A metro system was proposed but they are looking at creating a new urban tramway instead
Waste - due to a growing population, waste management has become a pressing issue with health, safety and environmental impacts
Crime - slum districts are affected by high levels of poverty and crime. There are violent drug wars in some districts and criminals have infiltrated police and football teams to take control
Case study : Rosario
How do they reduce food waste
Partnerships with the food industry to increase awareness of the problem of food waste and encourage consumerism
Work with food banks to encourage donations
Encourage people separating food waste so it can be treated and turned into compost
Encourages businesses to donate unsold food to food banks or convert it into food for animals
