People of the planet Flashcards
What is the difference between social, economic, environmental and sustainable development
Social - improvements in people’s quality of life, e.g. literacy, health care and life expectancy
Economic - improvements in wealth, GNI and GD
Environmental - improvements in the quality of the natural world, e.g. air pollution and water quality
Sustainability - meeting the needs of the present while protecting the needs of the future
How are countries classified
Advanced Countries (ACs) - well developed financial markets, diversified economic structure with rapidly growing service sector, e.g. UK, USA, Japan
Emerging and Developing countries (EDCs) - do not share all the characteristics required to be an AC but are not eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust, e.g. India, China, Brazil
Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) - countries eligible for Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust from the IMF, e.g. Nigeria, Bangladesh, Afghanistan
How can development be measured
Economic - these are to do with money, e.g. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI) and various monetary measures of poverty and standard of living
Social - these are to do with people, e.g. infant mortality, life expectancy, access to doctors and educational attendance and achievement
What are the advantages and disadvantages of GNI
Advantages:
Can show differences between countries and show global patterns
Easy to calculate
Disadvantages:
Only focuses on wealth and not quality of life
Does not take into consideration variation in wealth
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Human Development Index (HDI)
Advantages:
Can show differences between countries and show global patterns
It shows how wealth within countries has been used
Disadvantage:
Only focuses on basic measurements
Data from some LIDCs can be unreliable
Hides inequalities in life expectancy, education and standards of living
What are the advantages and disadvantages of internet users
Advantages:
It is useful as it shows infrastructure is in place
Disadvantages:
Hides inequalities within countries
What are the consequences of uneven development
Development gap - half of the world’s wealth is owned by 1% of the population, a sign of the huge development gap that exists between the rich and poor
Health - low levels of investment in health care and nutrition account for high levels of infant mortality and high birth rates among the poor. These people become trapped in the ‘cycle of poverty’
Education - access to education and improved literacy are vital for people’s development and job prospects
Standards of living - in LIDCs, many people have to endure a lack of clean water and poor sanitation. This can lead to disease and reduce life chances and earning potential, further trapping people in the cycle of poverty
What are the physical factors that cause uneven development
Weather and climate - heavy rainfall, droughts, extreme heat or cold and vulnerability to tropical cyclones hampers economic development, e.g. limited and unreliable rainfall in western Africa
Relief - mountainous regions tend to be more remote an have poor infrastructure. They are subject to extreme weather conditions
Landlocked countries - countries that don’t have a coastline lack the ability of sea trade
Water shortages - water is essential for life and development
What are the human factors that cause uneven development
Colonisation - raw materials were taken from Africa so they couldn’t develop
Debt
Industrialisation
Growth of TNCs
What is the difference between short and long term aid
Short term - helps in an emergency, e.g. food, shelter and clothing
Long term - a more sustainable option which benefits the economy, society and the environment, e.g. building wells for water
What are the types of aid
Official government aid - given from one government directly to another. The receiving government controls the spending
Bilateral - the receiving country usually has to give something back (usually illegal)
Multilateral aid - provided by many countries. Organised by organisation such as United Nations
Voluntary - given by NGOs or charities. Aid is directed to the right place
Aid case study : Goat aid
What is the background
Oxfam charity
Gives goats to families and villages so they could produce food and income
Aid case study : Goat aid
Is it sustainable
Goats can reproduce and can be given to other families
Food, shelter and veterinary services will need to be provided
Knowledge can be passed on once taught
Benefits are more than just milk
Aid case study : Goat aid
What are the advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
Goat milk and meat is an excellent food source
Brings villages together as they look after goat
Manure can be used as fertiliser
Disadvantages:
Family has to provide food, shelter for goat
Veterinary care is expensive
Transporting the goat to a new environment could cause an issue
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the climate
Three distinct climate regions (western highlands, central area, eastern lowlands)
Rainfall is unreliable and can lead to prolonged drought, particularly in the eastern lowlands. Overgrazing and desertification are issues here as well
Despite unreliable rainfall, food production is high in the western and central regions
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the ecosystems
Tropical savanna grasslands are in the west highlands
Deserts and semi deserts are in the east lowlands
Biodiversity is high with thousands of species of plants and animals (including endangered species)
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the natural resources
Has reserves of gold, oil and gas which has yet to be exploited
Minerals (mostly gold) account for 20% of exports
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the key dates
1935 - 41:
Briefly colonised by Italy. In 1941, rebels and British troops claimed back independence
1984 - 87:
Famine killed a million people in one year. This was due to high food prices and drought
2001 - now:
Long term aid from countries such as the USA has assisted Ethiopia’s development
The government is stable and money has been invested through the Growth and Transformation Plan to improve agricultural productivity through skills training
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the trade like
Has a trade deficit of US$3 billion but imports value US$11 billion - this debt means that there is less government income to support development
Top imports are petroleum, trucks and fertilisers
Export coffee, flowers and livestock
Case study : Ethiopia
What are some examples of TNCs and what do they do
Hilton Hotels - leisure and recreational services, hotels
Afriflora - flower growing (largest producer of fair trade roses)
H&M - textile manufacturing, university education in textiles
What are advantages and disadvantages of TNCs
Advantages:
Provide employment and training of skills
Companies invest in local area
Have international business link to help industry thrive
Disadvantages:
Exploit low wage economy and avoid paying local taxes
Working conditions may be poor
Higher paid management jobs are held by foreign nationals
Case study : Ethiopia
What is the access to education like
96% of children are in primary education
An increased proportion to girls going to primary schools
Education quality varies - 36% literacy rate
Case study : Ethiopia
What are the improvements to health care
Infant mortality has dropped significantly
65% of children are vaccinated against preventable diseases
89% of the population live 10 km of a doctor
What are the stages of Rostow’s Model of development
- Traditional society:
Relies on collecting natural resources
High levels of agriculture and labour intensive agriculture - Pre-conditions for take off:
Infrastructure starts to improve
Agriculture starts to develop into a larger scale
Introduction to TNCs - Take off:
TNCs dominate the economy
Rural to urban migration greater scale
Nation becomes more modernised - Drive to maturity:
Doesn’t rely on foreign investment
More tertiary jobs
Quaternary jobs begin - High mass consumption:
Employment in tertiary sector
Second manufacturing shifts to smaller factories
Consumption increases
