People and Illness Labs Flashcards
Where is the medulla in a lymph node?
Theoretically in the middle - but it can be anywhere
Where does the immune response happen in a lymph node?
Can be seen as nodules of b-cells in the outer cortex
How does a lymphoid nodule form?
An antigen arises in the lymph node and binds to a B cell in the cortex.
The B lymphocyte divides and responds to the antigen
The B cells cluster around it
Memory B-cells are made
Macrophages accumulate also
Describe the appearance of a lymphoid nodule/
Light pole and dark pole
The light pole is covered by a cap of small lymphocytes
Which lymphoid organ doesn’t contain lymphoid nodules?
Thymus
- due to lack of B-cells
- isnt involved in the immune response
What are the two distinctive areas of the spleen?
Red pulp - where blood is filtered - lots of macrophages White pulp - a sleeve round the arteries in the cellular part of the spleen
What is different about lymphoid nodules in the spleen?
the cap (light pole) points towards the red pulp
How does lymph enter the lymph node?
Via the afferent lymphatic vessels, which enter through the subcapsular sinus
Where does lymoh flow within a lymph node?
It flows from the subcapsular sinus, through the cortical sinuses, and into the medullary sinuses
How does lymph leave the lymph node?
Via the efferent lymphactic vessels, at the Hilium as efferent lymph
What is the structural support for the lymph node?
Reticulofibre skeleton
What is found in the outer cortex of the lymph node?
Lymphatic nodules
What is found in the inner cortex of the lymph node?
Mostly T-cells
What is found in the deep cortical and medullary cords?
B-cells and plasma cells
How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node from the blood?
Lymphocytes recognise and adhere to simple cuboidal epithelial cells, and squeeze through them
List the lymphoid organs.
Thymus Lymph nodes Spleen Tonsils Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
List the primary lymphoid organs
The thymus
List the secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Spleen
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?
The secondary lymphoid organs depend on the thymus to function properly - as this is the only organ that produces T-lymphocytes
What are the two methods of filtrating lymph?
Mechanical filtration
Biological filtration
- phagocytosis by macrophages
- stellate macrophages are fixed
What are the seven stages of stopping drinking?
Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse Establish change
What are the four stages of an Alcohol Brief Intervention?
Raise the issue of alcohol
Screening and feedback
Listening for readiness to change
Select an approach
What are the screening tests available for alcohol abuse?
AUDIT
FAST
What is working memory?
Memory that is permanently stored - occurs in the pre-frontal cortex
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
Implicit is things that we dont have to think about
- riding a bike, musical instruments
- basal ganglia, cerebellum
Explicit are memories you can recall and think about
What is epsiodic memory?
Part of explicit memory
Memory of events
Encoded by the hippocampus
What is semantic memory?
Part of explicit memory
Memory of facts and knowledge
- function of a pencil
What is the limitations of using an MMSE to test for dementia?
It doesn’t test executive functions
- can miss someone with frontotemporal dementia
What test can be used instead of an MMSE, to include executive function?
Frontal assessment battery
What are our executive functions?
Problem solving
Planning
Selective attention
Personality
