People and Illness Labs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the medulla in a lymph node?

A

Theoretically in the middle - but it can be anywhere

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2
Q

Where does the immune response happen in a lymph node?

A

Can be seen as nodules of b-cells in the outer cortex

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3
Q

How does a lymphoid nodule form?

A

An antigen arises in the lymph node and binds to a B cell in the cortex.
The B lymphocyte divides and responds to the antigen
The B cells cluster around it
Memory B-cells are made
Macrophages accumulate also

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of a lymphoid nodule/

A

Light pole and dark pole

The light pole is covered by a cap of small lymphocytes

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5
Q

Which lymphoid organ doesn’t contain lymphoid nodules?

A

Thymus

  • due to lack of B-cells
  • isnt involved in the immune response
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6
Q

What are the two distinctive areas of the spleen?

A
Red pulp
- where blood is filtered
- lots of macrophages 
White pulp
- a sleeve round the arteries in the cellular part of the spleen
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7
Q

What is different about lymphoid nodules in the spleen?

A

the cap (light pole) points towards the red pulp

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8
Q

How does lymph enter the lymph node?

A

Via the afferent lymphatic vessels, which enter through the subcapsular sinus

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9
Q

Where does lymoh flow within a lymph node?

A

It flows from the subcapsular sinus, through the cortical sinuses, and into the medullary sinuses

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10
Q

How does lymph leave the lymph node?

A

Via the efferent lymphactic vessels, at the Hilium as efferent lymph

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11
Q

What is the structural support for the lymph node?

A

Reticulofibre skeleton

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12
Q

What is found in the outer cortex of the lymph node?

A

Lymphatic nodules

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13
Q

What is found in the inner cortex of the lymph node?

A

Mostly T-cells

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14
Q

What is found in the deep cortical and medullary cords?

A

B-cells and plasma cells

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15
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node from the blood?

A

Lymphocytes recognise and adhere to simple cuboidal epithelial cells, and squeeze through them

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16
Q

List the lymphoid organs.

A
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
17
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs

A

The thymus

18
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Spleen

19
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

The secondary lymphoid organs depend on the thymus to function properly - as this is the only organ that produces T-lymphocytes

20
Q

What are the two methods of filtrating lymph?

A

Mechanical filtration
Biological filtration
- phagocytosis by macrophages
- stellate macrophages are fixed

21
Q

What are the seven stages of stopping drinking?

A
Pre-contemplation 
Contemplation 
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
Establish change
22
Q

What are the four stages of an Alcohol Brief Intervention?

A

Raise the issue of alcohol
Screening and feedback
Listening for readiness to change
Select an approach

23
Q

What are the screening tests available for alcohol abuse?

A

AUDIT

FAST

24
Q

What is working memory?

A

Memory that is permanently stored - occurs in the pre-frontal cortex

25
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
Implicit is things that we dont have to think about - riding a bike, musical instruments - basal ganglia, cerebellum Explicit are memories you can recall and think about
26
What is epsiodic memory?
Part of explicit memory Memory of events Encoded by the hippocampus
27
What is semantic memory?
Part of explicit memory Memory of facts and knowledge - function of a pencil
28
What is the limitations of using an MMSE to test for dementia?
It doesn't test executive functions | - can miss someone with frontotemporal dementia
29
What test can be used instead of an MMSE, to include executive function?
Frontal assessment battery
30
What are our executive functions?
Problem solving Planning Selective attention Personality