People and Illness Labs

Question 1

Where is the medulla in a lymph node?

Answer 1

Theoretically in the middle - but it can be anywhere

Question 2

Where does the immune response happen in a lymph node?

Answer 2

Can be seen as nodules of b-cells in the outer cortex

Question 3

How does a lymphoid nodule form?

Answer 3

An antigen arises in the lymph node and binds to a B cell in the cortex.
The B lymphocyte divides and responds to the antigen
The B cells cluster around it
Memory B-cells are made
Macrophages accumulate also

Question 4

Describe the appearance of a lymphoid nodule/

Answer 4

Light pole and dark pole

The light pole is covered by a cap of small lymphocytes

Question 5

Which lymphoid organ doesn’t contain lymphoid nodules?

Answer 5

Thymus

• due to lack of B-cells
• isnt involved in the immune response

Question 6

What are the two distinctive areas of the spleen?

Answer 6

Red pulp
- where blood is filtered
- lots of macrophages 
White pulp
- a sleeve round the arteries in the cellular part of the spleen

Question 7

What is different about lymphoid nodules in the spleen?

Answer 7

the cap (light pole) points towards the red pulp

Question 8

How does lymph enter the lymph node?

Answer 8

Via the afferent lymphatic vessels, which enter through the subcapsular sinus

Question 9

Where does lymoh flow within a lymph node?

Answer 9

It flows from the subcapsular sinus, through the cortical sinuses, and into the medullary sinuses

Question 10

How does lymph leave the lymph node?

Answer 10

Via the efferent lymphactic vessels, at the Hilium as efferent lymph

Question 11

What is the structural support for the lymph node?

Answer 11

Reticulofibre skeleton

Question 12

What is found in the outer cortex of the lymph node?

Answer 12

Lymphatic nodules

Question 13

What is found in the inner cortex of the lymph node?

Answer 13

Mostly T-cells

Question 14

What is found in the deep cortical and medullary cords?

Answer 14

B-cells and plasma cells

Question 15

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node from the blood?

Answer 15

Lymphocytes recognise and adhere to simple cuboidal epithelial cells, and squeeze through them

Question 16

List the lymphoid organs.

Answer 16

Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

Question 17

List the primary lymphoid organs

Answer 17

The thymus

Question 18

List the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 18

Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Spleen

Question 19

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 19

The secondary lymphoid organs depend on the thymus to function properly - as this is the only organ that produces T-lymphocytes

Question 20

What are the two methods of filtrating lymph?

Answer 20

Mechanical filtration
Biological filtration
- phagocytosis by macrophages
- stellate macrophages are fixed

Question 21

What are the seven stages of stopping drinking?

Answer 21

Pre-contemplation 
Contemplation 
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse
Establish change

Question 22

What are the four stages of an Alcohol Brief Intervention?

Answer 22

Raise the issue of alcohol
Screening and feedback
Listening for readiness to change
Select an approach

Question 23

What are the screening tests available for alcohol abuse?

Answer 23

AUDIT

FAST

Question 24

What is working memory?

Answer 24

Memory that is permanently stored - occurs in the pre-frontal cortex

Question 25

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 25

Implicit is things that we dont have to think about
- riding a bike, musical instruments
- basal ganglia, cerebellum
Explicit are memories you can recall and think about

Question 26

What is epsiodic memory?

Answer 26

Part of explicit memory
Memory of events
Encoded by the hippocampus

Question 27

What is semantic memory?

Answer 27

Part of explicit memory
Memory of facts and knowledge
- function of a pencil

Question 28

What is the limitations of using an MMSE to test for dementia?

Answer 28

It doesn’t test executive functions

- can miss someone with frontotemporal dementia

Question 29

What test can be used instead of an MMSE, to include executive function?

Answer 29

Frontal assessment battery

Question 30

What are our executive functions?

Answer 30

Problem solving
Planning
Selective attention
Personality