People Flashcards
1
Q
Bonaventure (1221-1274)
A
- Student and professor at University of Paris when Aquinas was there
- Becomes head of Franciscans shortly after Francis
- Describes Franciscan way of life in philosophical terms
- Very dependent on Augustine
2
Q
Richard Lionhearted
A
- King’s Crusade Richard I (Lionhearted) of England
- Phillip II of France
- Fredrick Barbarossa of HRE
- Military stalemate
- Crusaders manage to hold onto Acre, but could not retake Jerusalem
- Richard negotiates a peace with Saladin guaranteeing safety of Christian pilgrims
- On his way home, Richard imprisoned by Germans, eventually ransomed
3
Q
Innocent III
A
- Height of papal power
- Born in Anagani, Italy Studied at Universities of Rome, Paris and Bologna Named Cardinal-Deacon by Pope Clement III Elected Pope in 1198 Died in Rome, 1216
- Expanded role of papacy in secular affairs Expanded Canon Law Called the Fourth Crusade Convened the Fourth Lateran Council Approved Dominican and Franciscan orders
4
Q
Peter Damien (1007-1072)
A
- Entered a Cluniac Monastery near Gubbio, Italy
- Deeply concerned about sexual license among clergy and corruption of papacy
- Preached against simony
- Through tireless preaching and teaching brought about some reforms
- Close friends of Hildebrand (soon to be Pope Gregory VII)
- Doctor of Church
5
Q
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
A
- Born in Italy, studied in Italy and Paris
- Dominican Student and professor at University of Paris
- Key Influences
- Albert the Great
- Church Fathers
- Aristotle Earlier
- Aristotelian commentators, especially Averroes and Maimonides
6
Q
Anselm (1033-1109)
A
- Born in northern Italy
- Studied and became abbot at a Benedictine monastery in Normandy
- Went to (recently conquered) England in 1092
- Became Archbishop of Canterbury
- Among his most important works:
- Proslogion: Ontological proofs for existence of God
- Cur Deus Homo: Christology of satisfaction
- Monologion
7
Q
Thomas Becket
A
- Henry II attempts to gain control of clergy through the Constitution of Clarendon
- King can try clergy for crimes
- King must approve all newly appointed bishops
- Henry II appoints his close friend, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
- As Archbishop, Thomas opposes secular control of ecclesial domains and authority
- Thomas Becket murdered by knights of Henry II in 1170 in Canterbury Cathedral;
- Henry forced to do public penance by Pope Alexander III
- Canterbury instantly becomes an important pilgrimage site
- Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
- Until Becket’s body destroyed by order of Henry VIII in 1538
8
Q
Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)
A
- Important scholar and civic official in Florence
- Especially influenced by arrival of Byzantine (Greek) scholars
- Bruni translated many important Greek works into Latin, Xenophon’s Histories, as well as Plato
- Wrote In Praise of Greek
9
Q
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
A
- ‘Father’ of Renaissance
- Family wanted him to study law, but he preferred studying the classics
- Spent time a minor court official in Avignon
- Became a wandering poet
- Returning to Italy he gathered around himself a ‘school’ in Florence
- Dedicated to literature and the classics
- Emphasis on writing in Italian
- Secular subject matter
- Boccaccio his most famous student
10
Q
Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
A
- Established Cistercian monastery at Clairvaux
- Opposed Peter Abelard (1078-1142): I must understand in order that I might believe
- Opposed Cluny-type monasticism as being too interested in worldly beauty and pleasure
- Preached the Second Crusade (1144) (convinced mob to cease)
- Wrote very length commentary on Song of Songs in which he refers to both Gregory of Nyssa and Origen; highly allegorical
- Special devotion to Mary
- Encouraged mysticism that moved away from physical; apophatic
- Author of the Memorare
11
Q
Machiavelli (1469-1527)
A
- Public life fell in and out of favor with the Medici’s as they went in and out of power in Florence
- Basis of political theory is that power makes an authority legitimate, not ‘goodness’
- Legitimacy of law is wholly dependent on ability to enforce law
- Prince’s virtues are those qualities which ensure his ability to effectively wield power
- Most likely the ‘prince’ that Machiavelli is advising is the illegitimate son of Alexander VI and sometime cardinal; known for his cruelty
12
Q
Catherine of Sienna (1347-1380)
A
- Mystic who was very popular; educated by Dominicans
- Tertiary Dominican
- Able to end warring family factions in Italy
- Pressured Pope Gregory XI to return to Rome, which he did in 1377
- Declared a doctor of Church in 1970
13
Q
Bridget of Sweden (1303-1373)
A
- Mother of Queen Catherine of Sweden
- After becoming a widow, moved to Rome, founded an order (Brigittines) devoted to poor of Rome and politics of returning Pope to Rome
14
Q
Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179)
A
- One of the greatest infirmarians:
- Doctor of the Church
- Benedictine
- Wrote Cuasae et Curae, multi-book work describing causes, cures and prevention of numerous diseases
15
Q
Gregory VII (1020-1085)
A
- Entered Cluny as a young man
- Known as a reformer in the mold of Peter Damian
- Elected Pope amid great dissention 1073
- Key ecclesial changes in his pontificate
- Deposition of all clergy who achieved office through simony
- Forbade married priests to celebrate Mass
- Most famous for encounter with Emperor Henry IV and lay investiture of bishops
- Set stage for his successor Urban II
- Crusades
- Establishment of Curia and more efficient papal administration
- Pope Gregory VII assertion of Papal primacy, Dictatus Papae; Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope Henry IV refuses to accept Dictatus Papae Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa and is forgiven But in 1081 Henry seeks revenge on Gregory, who is forced to flee Rome Gregory dies in exile
- Concordat of Worms (1122) Compromise resolves (temporarily) issues between Pope and Holy Roman Emperor Agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Henry V Pope selects bishops and abbots, and invests them with symbols of spiritual office Emperor can invest bishops and abbots with lay responsibilities and be present at installation
- During 11th C, Pope Gregory VII initiated many reforms, including requirements for education of secular clergy Bishops established cathedral schools Education focused on Canon law, administration, higher learning Enrollment not limited to clergy
