People Flashcards
Bubbles P.
Professional gambler with no formal education. Has no difficulty in naming off 20 numbers, in either forward or backward order, after just a single glance. Most people can remember a list of numbers that’s no more than seven digits long.
Simonides
Poet; left a banquet, then the ceiling collapsed and killed everyone. Able to recall every one of the dead by visualizing each chair around the table and who was sitting there.
HM
Suffered from intractable epilepsy. Doctors removed part of his temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and some surrounding regions. After he could converse, use and understand language, and perform well on intelligence tests, but he could not remember anything that happened to him after the operation. Only had short term memory. Worse anterograde than retrograde, so hippocampal region is not involved in long term memory.
Greg
Interviewed by Oliver Sacks; unable to make new memories, but events that happened to him did seem to leave a mark.
HM and Greg
Behaved as though they were remembering things while claiming to remember nothing at all. Suggests that there must be several types of memory, some accessible to conscious recall and some we cannot consciously access.
K.C.
Could not recollect any specific episodes from his past and could not imagine a future episode, it was “blank” for him.
Ebbinghaus
Notes a rapid drop off in retention during the first few tests followed by a slower rate of forgetting on later tests.
Diana Halbrooks
A few months of psychotherapy caused her to recall disturbing childhood memories that never happened. Techniques used were suggestive. Imagining past events and hypnosis can help create false memories.
Melinda Stickney-Gibson
Artist; fire caused her painting to become darker instead of happy and abstract like prior to the fire.
Watson
Fueled the behaviorist movement, arguing that psychologists should “never use the terms and consciousness, mental states, mind, content, introspectively verifiable, imagery, and the like.” Influenced by Pavlov. Proposed fear could be learned.
Pavlov
Studied the digestive processes of laboratory animals by surgically implanting test tubes into the cheeks of dogs to measure their salivary response to different foods. Revealed a fork of learning called classical conditioning.
Watson and Rayner
Used 9 month old Albert for their experiments. Presented him with a variety of stimuli: white rat, dog, rabbit, various masks, and a burning newspaper. Showed no fear towards the items. While Albert watched Rayner, Watson struck a steel bar with a hammer and caused Albert to cry. When Albert reached for the rat, they hit the bar again until the rat by itself could produce fear. Also had stimulus generalization.
Rescorla and Wagner
First to theorize that classical conditioning occurs when an animals has an expectation.
Thompson
Focused on classical conditioning of eye blink responses in the rabbit, in which the CS (tone) is immediately followed by the US (puff of air), which elicits a reflexive eye blink response. Eventually the eye blink occurs in response to the CS alone. Showed that the cerebellum is critical for the occurrence of eye blink conditioning.
Broberg and Bernstein
Cancer patients who experience nausea from their treatments often develop aversions to foods they ate before the therapy. Gave patients an unusual food (coconut- or root-beer-flavored candy) at the end of their last meal before undergoing treatment. Conditioned food aversions developed were for one of the unusual flavored instead.
Thorndike
Experiments used a puzzle box, which was a wooden crate with a door that would open when a concealed lever was moved in the right way.
Skinner
All of these emitted behaviors “operated” on the environment in some manner, and the environment responded by providing events that either strengthened those behaviors (reinforced them) or made them less likely to occur (punished them).
Tolman
Argued that there was more to learning than just knowing the circumstances in the environment (the properties of a stimulus) and being able to observe a particular outcome (the reinforced response). Proposed that conditioning experience produced knowledge or belief they a specific reward will appear if a specific response is made. Maze with three groups of rats.
Delgado
Participants were given description of their partners: either trustworthy, neutral, or suspect; even though they all shared equally often. Signals in a part of the brain that ordinarily distinguishes between positive and negative feedback were evident only when playing with neutral partners. Absent with trustworthy and reduced with suspect.
James Olds
Inserted tiny electrodes into different parts of a rat’s brain and allowed the animal to control electric stimulation of its own brain by pressing a bar. Some areas produced intensely positive experiences. Called these parts of the brain pleasure centers.
Brelands
animals already learned the association between food and coins, then animals began to treat the coins as stand ins for food. work shows that all species are biological predisposed to learn some things more readily than others and to respond to stimuli in ways that are consistent with their evolutionary history.
Bandura
investigated the parameters of observational learning. took individual preschoolers and placed them in an area with toys. watched an adult model play with a Bobo doll quietly and then aggressively. those who witnessed the aggression were twice as likely to also show aggression. when adult models were punished, they showed less aggression. vice versa. observational learning relies on watching another’s behavior and observing the outcome.
Fredman and Whiteman
studied monkeys reared by their mothers and by families in Israel. Model demonstrated two ways of using a screwdriver to access food in a box. both showed evidence of observational learning, but the human reared monkeys carried out the exact action they had observed more often.
