People

Question 1

Cummins

theory of language acquisition

Answer 1

BICS (informal) and CALP (academic)

Question 2

Castañeda v. Pickard

Answer 2

district-implemented programs for ELLs must be evaluated for effectiveness

Question 3

Labov

Answer 3

established AAVE as a legitimate dialect

Question 4

Fishman

Answer 4

• evolution of languages

- societal forces that cause all languages to thrive or disappear

Question 5

Vygotsky

model of learning

Answer 5

• sociocultural theory states that learning begins as a result of INTERpersonal communication and then is internalized as INTRApersonal
• “zone of proximal development” - the difference between what a person knows and what he could know with a bit of assistance
• the assistance is called scaffolding and includes modeling, providing cues, and encouragement

Question 6

Bronfenbrenner

model of learning

Answer 6

ecological model describes development in terms of four nested levels

1. microsystem - child’s immediate environment
2. mesosystem - interactions between components of the microsystem
3. exosystem - more general elements of the child’s environment
4. macrosystem - overarching environmental influences like cultural beliefs

Question 7

Pinker

theory of language acquisition

Answer 7

agrees with Chomsky (innate capacity), but added the idea that the capacity is result of evolution

Question 8

Hymes

Answer 8

• concerned with the interactions between language, society, and cultural context
• came up with SPEAKING mnemonic:
  S: scene and setting
  P: participants
  E: ends, goals
  A: act sequence, structure of linguistic interaction
  K: key, tone, mood
  I: instrumentalities, methods
  N: norms
  G: genre

Question 9

Bernstein

Answer 9

• distinguished between restricted code and elaborated code
• restricted code - used by people with shared cultural background or know each other well
• elaborated code - used by people with unfamiliar with one another or their cultures (more explicit)

Question 10

Clay

Answer 10

• originator of Reading Recovery movement which accelerates the progress of struggling readers
• continuous specific assesment

Question 11

Taberski

Answer 11

relationships between teachers and new readers

Question 12

Vail

Answer 12

expert on dyslexia, and assessing dyslexic children

Question 13

Jager Adams

Answer 13

• established basic criteria for early reading success

- helped created voice recognition software for developing readers

Question 14

Yopp-Singer Test

Answer 14

• test for sound segmentation aspect of phonemic awareness

- oral test of 22 words read aloud, student states component sounds in order

Question 15

Bloom’s taxonomy

Answer 15

hierarchical classification that outlines six levels of cognitive learning

• knowledge
• comprehension
• application
• analysis
• synthesis
• evaluation

Question 16

Freire

Answer 16

book - Pedagogy of the Oppressed

• criticizes “empty vessel” notion, which ignores inherent knowledge of student and recreates the colonization process
• students are co-creators
• “dialogic” instruction - instructional conversation

Question 17

Kincheloe and Steinberg

Answer 17

book - Changing Multiculturalism

• promotes critical multiculturalism
• justice is available, but not alway distributed evenly
• predominance of white, male view should be called into question in the classroom
• explore the basis for your views as constructed

Question 18

Bilingual Education Act of 1968

Answer 18

• federal money to establish English language instruction for students whose primary language is Spanish

Question 19

amendments to the Bilingual Education Act of 1968

Answer 19

• result of Lau v. Nichols
• Chinese students in San Francisco were receiving an inferior education
• forced schools to establish specific programs to meet needs of students of all backgrounds

Question 20

Meyer v. Nebraska

Answer 20

• states cannot restrict foreign language instruction

- anti-German sentiment in Nebraska after WWI