People Flashcards
1
Q
Human Resources
A
A set of people who make up the workforce of an organization
2
Q
Purpose of Human Resources
A
- Recruitment of new employees
- Organising training for employees
- Employee relations through talking to union representatives
- Organising the pensions and benefits of the employees
3
Q
Organisation chart
A
A diagram that shows how the workers are organised in a business and who is in charge of whom.
4
Q
Delayering
A
Reducing the number of layers in a hierarchy
5
Q
Authority
A
The power that one person has to make decisions and to control what other workers do.
6
Q
Zero-hour contract
A
When a person has a contract to work for an employer but is not guaranteed any work. The employer will inform them if and when they are needed.
7
Q
Hierachical structure
A
Organisational structure that follows a chain-of-command from the top executives to the regular employees
8
Q
Flat structure
A
Organisation structure with only a few layers of managers
9
Q
Advantages of Hierachical structure
A
- Lots of layers in the hierarchy means lots of opportunities for promotion
- Supervisors normally have a small span of control so they can get to know their subordinates really well
10
Q
Disadvantages of Hierachical structure
A
- Lots of layers and a long chain of command can mean that the business is very flexible
- It can also mean that communication within the organisation are very slow
- More expensive because there are more managers and supervisors
11
Q
Advantages of Flat Structure
A
- Fewer layers of hierarchy between the bottom and the top of the organisation may mean that communication is fast
- Lots of delegation means that staff are given greater responsibility, which might mean more opportunities to use their abilities
12
Q
Disadvantages of Flat Structure
A
- Staff can be overstretched or overworked in a flat structure as there is less supervision, this can cause stress and demotivation
- Wide span of control means managers have too many staff to manage and may lose touch with them
13
Q
Chain of command
A
The links in the levels of authority from those at the top with the most authority to those at the bottom with the least.
14
Q
Span of control
A
The number of subordinates who report directly to the line manager
15
Q
Delegation
A
The process of giving a manager authority to a subordinate to make decisions for which that manager is responsible.
16
Q
Subordinates
A
The workers that a line manager is responsible for.
17
Q
Full-time working
A
When a person works 35 hours or more per week.
18
Q
Part-time working
A
When a person works fewer than 35 hours per week.
19
Q
Flexible working
A
The practice of people working partly at their place of work and partly elsewhere, perhaps at home or while they are mobile.
20
Q
Permentant working
A
Full-time, salaried position with a contract to work more than 36 hours a week.
21
Q
Temporary working
A
When an employee only need to cover a seasonal period
22
Q
Mobile working
A
When people work when they are on the move, travelling or on holiday.
23
Q
Self-employment
A
when people work as their own business, selling their work to buyers who may be consumers or other businesses
24
Q
Advantages of full-time working
A
Fixed working plans
25
Disadvantages of full-time working
Less flexibility
26
Advantages of part-time working
Enhanced work-life balance
27
Disadvantages of part-time working
Limited income
28
Advantages of flexible working
Increased productivity
29
Disadvantages of flexible working
Distraction/procrastination
Loneliness
30
Advantages of permenant working
Paid time off
31
Disadvantages of permenant working
Difficult to balance work and life
More prone to stress
32
Advantages of temporary working
Flexibility and control over work-life balance
33
Disadvantages of temporary working
Lack of job security
34
Advantages of mobile working
Productive
Good work-life balance (flexible)
35
Disadvantages of mobile working
Distractions
Privacy
36
Advantages of self-employment
Better work-life balance
37
Disadvantages of self-employment
Income is dependent on you
Reliant on clients paying
38
Communication
The process of a message being passed between a sender and a recipient
39
Digital communication
The exchange of information electronically using ICT
40
Written communication
Communication by written words and diagrams- text, email, letters
41
Feedback
The response made by a person who receives a communication that indicates that they have, or have not, understood the communication
42
Internal communication
Communication between people employed in the same organisation
43
Vertical communication
Communication up or down the hierarchy within an organisation
44
Horizontal communication
Communication between people on the same level of the hierarchy in an organisation
45
External communication
Communication between people in an organisation and people outside that organisation
46
Formal communication
Communication that uses official channel of communication within an organisation
47
Informal communication
Communication that is outside the official channels of communication within an organisation
48
Verbal communication
Communication by speaking - in meetings, by telephone, by video-conferencing
49
Letters
A formal document which forms a permanent record for the receiver of the message
A business may write a letter to respond to complaints
50
Emails
Email is a tool that delivers messages instantaneously and is accessible from nearly anywhere around the world.
Useful for discussing ideas or following up after a meeting
51
Texts
Can be used internally to send messages to sales staff
Can be sent to customers to remind them of a hair appointment for example
52
Phone
The telephone is one of the main ways that customers can contact a business
53
Meeting
Great when a group needs to find out information at the same time
54
Presentation
Staff may need to give lots of complex information to a group of people
55
Social Media
Social media can be used by business to communicate with customers
56
Websites
The majority of businesses have a website.
| There were 2.55 million businesses registered in the UK in 2016 (ONS)
57
Advantages of letters
* More formal than spoken
* Can be structured
58
Disadvantages of letters
* No body language
* Take time to write and send
59
Advantages of emails
* Fast
* Can be used globally
* Can get response quickly from recipient
60
Disadvantages of emails
* Viruses / spam
* Not everyone has an e-mail address
61
Advantages of texts
* Easy to send to a large number of recipients at the same time
* 90% of text messages are opened instantly
62
Disadvantages of texts
* Easy to delete or ignore
* Target segment may not be regular phone users
63
Advantages of phone calls
* Excellent way to get immediate feedback
* Conversation is two way
64
Disadvantages of phone calls
* Person may not be available to take the call
* Cannot send files
65
Advantages of meetings
* Can be dynamic, can split into smaller groups to brainstorm ideas
* Can see non-verbal communication too
66
Disadvantages of meetings
* Expensive if the business has to fly in employees from other locations
* Can easily get off track or distracted
67
Advantages of presentations
* Can help an employee to explain lots of complicated information in a visual way
* Can be shown on a big screen or viewed by one person on a tablet
68
Disadvantages of presentations
* Can be “death by PowerPoint” or make the subject too simple
69
Advantages of social media
* Free
* Instant response
70
Disadvantages of social media
* Not all customers use the Internet or social media
71
Advantages of websites
* Quick and easy to set up
* Can be free, lots of sites now don’t charge if the business allows adverts on them
72
Disadvantages of websites
* Some customers are not online
* Open to hackers / viruses, fraud, misuse
73
Selection
The process of choosing between applicants for a job
74
Job Description
Lists the main duties, tasks and responsibilities of a worker
75
Personal Specification
Lists the qualities, qualifications and knowledge that a person should have to do a particular job
76
Internal Recruitment
When a job vacancy is filled by employing someone who is already an employee of the business
77
External Recruitment
When a job vacancy is filled by employing someone from outside the business
78
Personnel or HR Recruitment
The department in a business that deals with the recruitment and selection of workers, with pay and other employment matters
79
Analysing HR needs
When an organisation decides how many and what type of workers it should employ
80
Recruitment Agency
A specialist agency that carries out all the tasks involved in recruitment and selection of workers on behalf of an organisation
81
Employment Agency
An agency that has workers readily available for business hire, usually for a short period of time.
82
Skills Gap
When the business recruits skilled workers because it is short of them
83
Internal Methods of Recruitment
Include notice boards, word of mouth, company website and emails to staff
84
External Methods of Recruitment
Include websites, newspapers, social media and specialist magazines
85
CV
A document on which the applicant outlines their personal details, experience and skills
86
Application Form
A form which asks applicants for personal details, experience and skills
87
Letter of Application
A letter written by the applicant usually explaining why they think they are suitable for the job
88
Interviews
Sessions in which people making the appointment ask questions of the applicants
89
Tests
Activities completed by applicants which check their skills
90
Group Activities
Usually designed to test how well an applicants works with others
91
References
Statements from a previous or current employer or other responsible person about the suitability of the applicant for the job
92
Motivation
How workers are encouraged to work hard
93
Retention of Workers
When workers choose to stay in a firm rather than move elsewhere
94
Turnover of Labour
A measure of the number or proportion of a staff who leave a firm each year and need replacing
95
Productivity
A measure of output per worker. It is one way of measuring the performance of workers
96
Pay
The money earned by workers as a reward for what they do.
97
Profit Sharing
Workers receiver some of the profits made by a business.
98
Bonus
An additional payment to workers for achieving a target
99
Fringe Benefits
Additional benefits that workers revive on top of their pay. They include pensions, company cars etc.
100
Praise
A method of motivating a worker by complimenting their work and so making their work recognised and valued.
101
Award Scheme
A presentation of some kind to recognise somebody's effort
102
Working Environment
The quality of the physical workplace and its climate
103
Maslow Theory
Says that human motivation is based on the pursuit of different levels of needs. The order begins with the most basic needs before advancing to the more advanced needs.
104
Herzberg Theory
Recognition and achievement, make workers more productive, creative and committed.
105
Taylor Theory
Argues that money is the main factor that drives employees in the workplace. He promoted 'a fair day's work is a fair day's pay', this would mean that people would get paid depending on how they much work they did.
106
Training
Short term and is focused on helping a worker to do his or her job well
107
Development
Long term and is focused on the worker to help to realise their longer-term potential
108
Professional Development
Includes both vocational and academic development.
It involves learning over a long period of time.
Workers may learn through external courses with this learning being reinforced by practical activity in the workplace.
Professional development often leads to qualifications.
It is about developing the long-term potential of the employee.
109
Apprenticeship
A long-term development programme for workers to learn job skills while they work through a new off-the-job training and study. Apprenticeships lead to some kind of vocational qualification
110
Productivity
Measured by output per person
111
Skills Shortage
Refers to a situation which businesses cannot recruit workers with the skills they need
112
Customer Services
The service given to customers, including service at the time of sale and after the sale
113
Induction Training
The training an employee receives when they start a new job
114
On-the-job Training
Occurs at the place of work and while the worker is doing their job.
115
Off-the-job Training
Occurs away from the job. It may still be at the place of work, or the employee may be sent somewhere else for the training
116
Advantages of Induction Training
Employees will settle quickly into the job
117
Disadvantages of Induction Training
Takes time so reduces output
118
Advantages of on-the-job training
It is a relatively cheap form of training as there are no travel costs and training is done by another employee.
It can be tailored to the needs of the business.
119
Disadvantages of on-the-job training
As the training is usually provided by other employees, it may mean that more people are unavailable to work, lowering productivity levels
It is unlikely to bring new ideas and skills into the business
120
Advantages of off-the-job training
As off-the-job training is expensive, employees who receive it may feel more valued by the company and therefore more motivated and loyal.
The trainer is more likely to provide high quality training, as they will be a skilled expert in this specific area.
121
Disadvantages of off-the-job training
It can be expensive
There is a risk that the newly trained employee will leave the business
122
Employment Law
Designed to protect workers from employers who may treat them unfairly
123
Discrimination
When one worker is treated differently from another for no acceptable reason.
124
Working Time Directive
A statement of the maximum number of hours that a person can be asked to work
125
Holiday Entitlement
The amount of paid holiday that a worker can have in a year
126
Employment Tribunal
A panel that hears cases where employment laws may have been broken and which comes to a decision either in favour of the employer or employee
127
Trade Union
An employee organisation that exists to represent the interests of its employees
128
Contract of Employment
A legal agreement between an employer and an employee
129
Statement of employment particulars
Park of the employment contract. It gives details of the terms of employment
130
Equality Act 2010
Legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and wider society.
It replaced older discrimination laws and put it into one act.
131
Race Relations Act
It is illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of race, ethnic group or colour
132
Disability Discrimination Act
Prohibits discrimination against someone on the basis of disability
133
Sex Discrimination Act
Employees cannot be sexually discriminated in employment, training or recruitment
134
Working Time Directive
Limits working hours to 48 hours a week
(Workers can opt out of this)
