People

Question 1

Robert Hooke

Answer 1

Microscope, Fossilized Wood, Cell

Question 2

John Ray

Answer 2

Divine Creation: Animals adapted to their environments
Adaptation proves divine design
No extinction, no evolution, fixed number of species

Question 3

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 3

Binomial Nomenclature
Divine Creation: animal classification
No extinction, no evolution, fixed number of species

Question 4

Georges Buffon

Answer 4

Experimental Age of Earth: 75000
animals from different part of the world is so different it must have been created independently
Animals can change slightly to fit their environment but not change into another species

Question 5

James Hutton

Answer 5

geological unconformity - does not conform to the ideal state (horizontal layers), it is now vertical and eroded off
Earth is infinitely old
Hutton’s Theory of the Earth - Cyclical Theory - erosion and volcanic eruptions

Question 6

William Smith

Answer 6

found fossils specific to strata
order of rocks the same everywhere

Question 7

Georges Cuvier

Answer 7

Comparative anatomy - can reconstruct an animal based on bones and teeth
Proposed age of reptile - rocks during that time period did not have any mammals, only had a kind of extinct reptiles
Found no evidence of a great flood
Instead found succession of time, different geological eras
Believed in revolution - catastrophe happened, wiped everything out, new era formed
believed in extinction - established extinction as a fact

Question 8

Jean Baptise Lamarck

Answer 8

Progressive Theory of Evolution: Inherent tendency for animals to become increasingly complex and complicated
Subcomponent: Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Lemarkanism was created only in the 1900s (after his death)
Independent spontaneous generation
4 straight-line diagram
No extinction, believed that animals just evolved and changed

Question 9

Mary Anning

Answer 9

Collect fossils along the coast

Question 10

Rev William Buckland

Answer 10

Wrote the Bridgewater treatise (1 volume out of 8)

Question 11

Louis Agassiz

Answer 11

proposed Ice age

Question 12

Charles Lyell

Answer 12

The Principle of Geology - Slow gradual changes, No revolution
Circular Theory
Animals die if the environment changes too much, extinction was a normal process
if the conditions are right, animals can return (species can be created again, species are not descended from other species)
discussed that perhaps new species appeared in a new environment through migration

Question 13

Robert Chambers

Answer 13

Published the Vestiges anonymously
extremely radical
but still a best seller

Question 14

Robert Jameson

Answer 14

put Darwin off geology

Question 15

Robert Grant

Answer 15

Marine Invertebrate
on the Ova of Flustra- Darwin’s first scientific paper

Question 16

Rev John Steven Henslow

Answer 16

Darwin’s Mentor in Cambridge
Botanical Garden
gave Darwin the opportunity to sail on the Beagle

Question 17

John Herschel

Answer 17

Praised Charles Lyell’s Book
Stated that the origin of species is the “mystery of mysteries”

wrote Preliminary Discourse - inspired Darwin how to Science
stressed collecting masses of facts and coming to inductive conclusions based on them

Question 18

Rev Adam Segwick

Answer 18

One of the fiercest reviews of Vestiges - compared the bright red of the book with prostitute
Field trip with Darwin
against evolution
inbuilt law of progression - development
divine creation - diff fossils found in different layers, adapted to the environment they live in

Question 19

Alexander von Humbolt

Answer 19

Narratives of Travel to South America
Darwin read his book - wanted to go on an expedition as well

Question 20

Captain Robert Fitzroy

Answer 20

Voyage of the Beagle

Question 21

Nicholas Steno

Answer 21

Shark teeth - tongue stones
Theory of Original Horizontally
Theory of Superposition

Question 22

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 22

fossils not randomly placed like from a great flood

Question 23

Richard Owens

Answer 23

Nature of Limbs
Archetype: animals have a common blueprint
explain the similarity in vertebrates

Question 24

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 24

Ternate Essay
Malay Archipelago

Question 25

Julian Huxley

Answer 25

casual suggestion that Darwin delayed

Question 26

Howard Grubber

Answer 26

Man on Darwin - Stated that Darwin delay publishing his theory due to fear
interpreted from Darwin’s recollection of dream
‘execution’

Question 27

Thomas Huxley

Answer 27

Supported Darwin’s Theory
1960 Oxford Debate
Coined the word ‘Agnostic’ - no scientific evidence to prove the existence of God
wanted to stay respectable, could not use the word Atheist
Huxley was not a Christian
pushed for Science as a profession ( not just for gentleman like Darwin)

Question 28

Samual Wilberforce

Answer 28

Against Darwin’s theory of evolution
1960 Oxford Debate

Question 29

Charles Kingsley

Answer 29

Priest supported Darwin’s theory

Question 30

Pierre Simon Laplace

Answer 30

French Astronomer
Napoleon

Question 31

Willian Palley

Answer 31

Argument of Design

Question 32

Charles Babbage

Answer 32

The Nine Bridgewater Treatise
Man of Science - Calculator Example:
If something irregular occurs it need not be the work of God but rather just not knowing the complex law of nature that governs

Question 33

John Pringle Nichol

Answer 33

Nebular Discovery
Formation of Solar systems is a evolutionary process from nebular

Question 34

Franz Joseph Gall

Answer 34

Phrenology: Study of brain
Parts of the brain called ‘organs’
bigger organ, more active
-did not want to spread his science

Question 35

Johann Gaspar Spurzhiem

Answer 35

Phrenology
Gall’s assistant
Took Gall’s phrenology and made it his own
the shape of a person’s head would tell everything about a person
-wanted to make converts and travelled around to spread

Question 36

George Combe

Answer 36

Dr Spurzhiem’s most important convert

The Constitution of Man (not a phrenology book)
- about the doctrine of natural law applied on humanity
- the common belief that being good will not make God protect you and make your life good
- example of the Good and Bad people on ships

Question 37

John Tyndall

Answer 37

Belfast Address
-there is no room for god
pantheist

Question 38

Ernest Haekel

Answer 38

Paleontological Tree of Vertebrate
Placed man at the top