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Geography AS > Pembrokeshire > Flashcards

Pembrokeshire Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 seral stages of primary succession and explain what happens at each

A

Migration - seeds arrive on the sand
Colonisation- start of plants flowering (pioneer species)
Establishment - the vegetation is more compact
Competition - pioneer plants begin to die out as equilibrium plants start to grow - fight for survival (high biodiversity)
Stabilisation - the biodiversity dips - equilibrium plants have taken over - pioneer plants mostly dead
Climax - no change - equilibrium dominantly with the environment

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2
Q

What is the salt marsh called?

A

Gann salt marsh

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3
Q

Where is gann salt marsh located?

A

South west wales, south west Pembrokeshire near Dale

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4
Q

How is the salt marsh sheltered?

A

By a peninsula of the Irish Sea

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5
Q

What is the aim of our investigation

A

To investigate changes in vegetation with increasing height up the Gann salt marsh

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6
Q

How did the salt marsh form?

A

Fresh water meets sea water, clay flocculates and is deposited

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7
Q

What is the null and alternate hypothesis

A

Null - there will be no change in vegetation with increasing height up the Gann salt marsh

Alternate - ther will be a change in vegetation with increasing height

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8
Q

What is the main road that runs through the location

A

B4327

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9
Q

What date did we go?

A

15/3/16

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10
Q

Why did we choose our location?

A

Accessible, SSSI site, secondary data AND primary data - could compare results, saltmarsh had no previous Occupation of vegetation , can see a directional change over time

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11
Q

What method of sampling did we use?

A

Stratified

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12
Q

What does stratified sampling mean

A

Interrupted transect belts where we physically saw a change (proportionate) so it is easier to see changes basically

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13
Q

Why did we choose stratified and not systematic

A

Quicker and easier

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14
Q

Explain our sample size

A

6 groups = 6 samples - each quadrat has 10 holes so 6 x 10 = 60 samples

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15
Q

What quadrat did we use and why?

A

Point quadrat because it was able to show the different layers of vegetation giving a specific pinpoint

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16
Q

What were the 2 methods of data collection ?

A

Vegetation sampling and height increase

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17
Q

How many interrupted belt transects?

A

8

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18
Q

What was the issue with our saltmarsh choice?

A

Human interference at pickle ridge - not a natural climax, instead had a plagioclimax meaning we couldn’t show all seral stages of primary succession

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19
Q

How would you answer a question asking for the method of vegetation sampling

A

How to do it, why you did what you did e.g. Stratified sampling, and point quadrat and then the limitations (small transect-representation, time of year plants are dead, human error and stratified bias system)

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20
Q

How did we record the data in the vegetation sampling method?

A

Used a dichtonumous key and imputed data into iPad which went into a system called ESRI aswell as recording the longitude and latitude to know where we are.

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21
Q

Why did we note our longitude and latitude

A

So that we could know exactly where we were along the saltmarsh

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22
Q

What type of data was gained by recording the species sampled?

A

Quantitative which is easy to analyse giving statistical significance

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23
Q

How would you explain the height increase method?

A

How we did it and the equipment, and why we did it e.g. The sample size to give an average height increase and the IBT which shows vegetation sample at each increasing height point and therefore age
Also limitations eg human error, equipment (optical block) stratified sampling - distance (hard to see that far )

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24
Q

Name all the equipment used in the height increase method

A

2 1m sticks, optical block,

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25
Q

What are the 7 sections that are asked about in the exam

A

Introduction, methodology, risk assessment, data analysis (spearmans rank and SDI), data interpretation (aim, hypothesis and results at each site), data presentation (kite diagram) and evaluation

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26
Q

What is spearmans rank and why did we use it?

A

Shows us the strength of the correlation between two variables (height and biodiversity) when applied to the critical value table it shows how significant our correlation is and whether our results are due to chance factors

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27
Q

What did our spearmans rank and critical value table show?

A

That there is a strong positive correlation and that there is less than 1% chance that our results are due to chance factors. Our spearmans tho value was 0.879. We compared it to 0.05 and then 0.01 and our value was still higher

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28
Q

What was our spearmans rho value?

A

0.879

29
Q

What is Simpsons diversity index

A

It shows the number of particular species on a site in comparison to the total amount of all species on one site. It shows us the biodiversity

30
Q

Define biodiversity

A

A measure of the richness of a species within an ecosystem. So the quantity of a particular species.

31
Q

What did SDI show us at site 0, 5 and 8

A

Site 0 = 0
Site 5 = 0.75
Site 8 = 0.84

32
Q

What are the 3 data presentations

A

Kite diagram, height increase and line of best fit

33
Q

How did they calculate the height increase and the transect profile of the Gann river (data presentation)

A

Added the 6 groups data together and divided by number of groups to give height average. Then calculated a cumulative height by adding the average height increase to the previous cumulative height.

34
Q

How and why did they plot the cumulative height and the distance from the low water mark on a scatter graph?

A

The cumulative height was from 0 - 2.5m from over a distance of 75m from the Gann river to the Pickle Ridge.
We did this because it’s more effective to visually see the height increase. It also shows the location of the sites proving that our aim was met.

35
Q

What was the height increase over the 8 sites.

A

2.5m

36
Q

How and did we do the kite diagram

A

Collated all results from the 6 groups and calculated the vegetation % cover for each site.
We drew and x axis labelled with each site (1-8). Our y axis illustrated the % of the plant species found at each site, splitting it by 50% above and below the axis. To do this we had to divide the % by 2 and plot it on either side of the y axis. As the sites increased we joined the points up creating the diagram

37
Q

Why did we use a kite diagram to present our biodiversity data.

A

It allows us to direCtly compare plant species at each site and you can visually see the change of plant species in each site and therefore you can distinguish which ones are pioneer and which are equilibrium. Therefore we can identify the seral stages of primary succession

38
Q

Describe site 0 (species, height and biodiversity)

A

100% bare ground
No species
No biodiversity
This is because it’s constantly underwater

39
Q

What is primary succession.

A

The directional change in vegetation over a period of time, on a site not previously occupied by vegetation

40
Q

At which stage do the equilibrium plants start taking over the pioneer plant? And what is the main equilibrium plant that does this (competition stage)

A

Stage 6 and its thrift.

41
Q

Describe site 4

A

Height has increased to 1.17
13% Cord grass, 27% saltmarsh grass, sea purslane
Biodiversity = 0.77

42
Q

Describe site 6

A

Height increase to 1.6m
Thrift increased from 2% to 30% (competition change ) - pioneers decreasing
Biodiversity - 0.75

43
Q

Describe site 8

A

Height is 2.5 (significant increase due to pickle ridge)
No new species
Biodiversity = 0.84(little change showing climax achieved)
Dominated by red fescue (23%) and thrift (25%)
No reeds and rushes due to human interference

44
Q

What is the conclusion (data interpretation )

A

Primary succession does occur in a saltmarsh environment proven by change in height and vegetation.
Vegetation is shown by kite diagram (pioneer and equilibrium proving seral stages. Biodiversity changed from 0 to 0.84)

Height increase - 0-2.5m showing age has increased also.

Spearmans rho found significant correlation - critical value told us we’re 99% sure our results aren’t due to chance factors .

Alternate hypothesis is proved

45
Q

What is our secondary data

A

Research around the theory (primary succession) and monitoring risks such as weather and tide

46
Q

What is the purpose ?

A

Primary succession (MCECSC)

47
Q

Name the 4 risks within the risk assessment

A

Tide, terrain, equipment and weather

48
Q

What is the risk of the tide?

A

Stranded on the saltmarsh

15/3/16 was spring tide at 7.4m high

49
Q

What was our action to reduce the risk of the tide

A

Pre visit to check
3 hours to collect data safely at low tide
Continually monitoring water levels
Phone to call for help

50
Q

What was the risk of the terrain

A

Slip and injure
Muddy/wet
Trench of doom

51
Q

Action to reduce risk of terrain

A

Stick to footpath
Suitable footwear
SSSI sites means guide with instructions and warnings
Group work in groups of 3s

52
Q

What is the risk of our equipment

A

Point (quadrat) - injure

53
Q

How to reduce risk of injury from equipment

A

Carried everything dismantled
Cautious - held carefully
Aware of surroundings

54
Q

Risk of weather ?

A

Sunburn or cold weather
Exposed area
Coast = drastic change in weather

55
Q

Action to reduce risk of weather hazards

A 
Weather forecast - pre visit
Suitable clothing 
Sun cream 
Mountain survival bags 
Monitor and respond
56
Q

What are the 5 key evaluation points.

A

Sampling technique, time of year, quadrat issues, height increase method, Saltmarsh choice

57
Q

What are the limitations and improvements of our sampling technique

A

Limitations = Discrete data instead of continuous so we’re not hundred percent sure where all the sites are (affects accuracy of identifying the location of the 6 seral stages)
Bias - placed the belt where there was a visual vegetation change
Limited number of belts

Improvements = Stratified sample with more belts or use systematic instead

58
Q

What are the limitations and improvements of the time of year evaluation

A

Limitations = primary succession is supposed to have flowering plants however we went on March 15 (just entered spring) and so there was little life on the Saltmarsh.
Misidentified some flowers - human error reduced accuracy of results

Improvements - summer

Conclusion - still valid due to spearmans rho calculations

59
Q

Limitations and improvements of the quadrat (evaluation)

A

Limitations = point quadrat is only a point and therefore is a small sample area meaning we could have missed some vegetation actually present on the bout to transect. (Reduced accuracy of SDI)

Improvements = could of used grid quadrat would have given greater area along the transect belt. However still not increased accuracy as it is more subjective.

60
Q

Limitations and improvements of the height increase method (evaluation)

A

Limitations = optical block may not have been 100% accurate measurement as human error is likely – may not have been looking directly straight across from one site to the other

Improvements - use a clinometer to measure angle increase or laser as it would have measured straight across - more accurate
Accuracy errors could influence height but the results are still valid as they fit the pattern consistent with what was expected

61
Q

Limitations and improvements of the Saltmarsh choice (evaluation)

A

Limitations = human interference (pickle ridge) meaning unlikely to get a natural climax. We got a plagioclimax and so didn’t show all seral stages of primary succession

Conclusion/ improvements - still valid as this can be explained however, to enhance geographical understanding we could visit a different saltmarsh such as key haven in south Hampshire

62
Q

What is in the introduction

A

Aim, hypothesis, location, theory/purpose

63
Q

What is in the methodology

A

Vegetation sampling, height increase, type of sampling (stratified)

64
Q

What is in the data presentation.

A

Kite diagram, height increase and scatter graph of transect for increased height and distance from low water mark to pickle ridge

65
Q

What is in the data analysis

A

Spearmans rank
Simpsons diversity index
Critical value

66
Q

What is in data interpretation

A

Hypothesis (accept or reject) results to each stage and conclusion

67
Q

What is in the evaluation

A

Question our method, question our accuracy, offer improvements (limitations, improvements, conclusion)

68
Q

What is in risk assessment?

A

Hazard before hand and ongoing checks

Geography AS (9 decks)

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