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Healthy Pop > Pelzer > Flashcards

Pelzer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common arboviral disease in the US?

A

West Nile Virus

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2
Q

What type of virus is WNV?

A

Flavivirus

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3
Q

How is WNV transmitted?

A

mosquitos, blood transfusions, organ donations; what sucks is that blood is screened, but organs are not

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4
Q

What animal is the reservoir for WNV?

A

Passerine birds aka perching birds

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5
Q

What 3 species are primarily effected by WNV?

A

humans, horses, crows and jays

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6
Q

When do we see most cases of WNV (traditionally)?

A

late summer, early fall; but climate change…

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7
Q

Are humans typically asymptomatic or symptomatic with WNV?

A

Asymptomatic- 80%

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8
Q

If humans present symptomatically with WNV, what is the typical presentation?

A

flu like symptoms: sore throat, muscle aches, headaches, lymphadenopathy

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9
Q

What is the percentage of humans infected w/ WNV that are symptomatic? If they are symptomatic, what is the chance of getting the neuroinvasive form?

A

20%; 1:150

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10
Q

What population (humans) is more at risk for WNV?

A

> 50 yrs

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11
Q

How do horses present when infected w/ WNV?

A

fever, encephalomyelitis, muscle twitching, ataxia

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12
Q

How is St. Louis Encephalitis transmitted?

A

the damn mosquitos again

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13
Q

What is the reservoir for St. Louis Encephalitis?

A

birds

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14
Q

Why do we see a cluster of infections (in humans) of St Louis Encephalitis in low socioeconomic and older neighborhoods?

A

decreased trash collection, decreased in maintenance/ repair –> increase in breeding grounds for the mosquitos; less access to adequate medical care

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15
Q

Where do the annual cases of EEE occur in VA?

A

Tidewater area

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16
Q

Why does the Tidewater area see cases of EEE in VA?

A

fresh water swamps are breeding ground for mosquitos

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17
Q

Can humans get EEE?

A

Yes, but they are accidental hosts.

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs assc w/ EEE in a human?

A

fever, headache, vx, lethargy, aseptic meningitis, or encephalitis delirium, and coma

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19
Q

What population is at risk for severe disease assc w/ EEE?

A

Children under 15yrs and adults 50yrs>

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20
Q

What is the case fatality rate of those infected w/ EEE?

A

30%

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21
Q

What is the reservoir for EEE?

A

passerine birds AND water fowl

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22
Q

What population is at risk for clinical signs (in humans) in regards to WEE?

A

young adults and <1 yr

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23
Q

In what infection will a child transition from fever, headache, stiff neck, spastic paralysis, and mental confusion -> personality changes, mental retardation, and continued spastic paralysis?

A

WEE

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24
Q

What is the equine encephalitis that does not have birds as its reservoir?

A

VEE

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25
Q

VEE: what is the reservoir for endemic strains? epidemic strains?

A

endemic: rodents and mosquitos; epidemic: horses and mosquitos

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26
Q

VEE: Is direct human transmission possible?

A

Yes! virus was present in pharynx of 40% of human cases

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27
Q

Where do we see cases of Equine Hendra virus?

A

Australia

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28
Q

What is the viral agent of equine hendra virus?

A

henipavirus

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29
Q

What is the reservoir of equine hendra virus?

A

the damn fruit bats

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30
Q

Equine Hendra virus:How do we think horses are exposed?

A

Bats are feeding on the fruit in trees; horses are underneath or in passing when bats urinate and thus pick up the organisms

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31
Q

Equine hendra virus: how do humans get the virus?

A

it MUST go through the horse in order to get to the human

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32
Q

What virus in horses leads to acute respiratory syndrome followed by death in 1-3 days?

A

Equine hendra virus

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33
Q

What symptoms present in a human with equine hendra virus?

A

flu-like symptoms that worsen/ progress; 60% fatality rate

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34
Q

How many cases do we see nationally from horses w/ rabies?

A

40 annually

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35
Q

what are the strains of rabies virus?

A

fox, skunk, raccoon, bat

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36
Q

What animals are considered at risk when raccoon rabies are established?

A

non-carnivores like opossums, groundhogs, and beavers because they share the same eco-niche

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37
Q

what are the clinical signs of rabies in horses?

A

“paralytic” and “dumb”; rubbing of bite site

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38
Q

what sucks about vaccinating a horse for rabies?

A

it gives the owner a false sense of security

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39
Q

Why is vesicular stomatitis reportable?

A

It resembles foot and mouth

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40
Q

where does vesicular stomatitis occur?

A

4 corners

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41
Q

T or F: vesicular stomatitis is only found in the Americas

A

True

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42
Q

what is the route of transmission for vesicular stomatitis?

A

midges (and sand flies) and black flies (SubQ or mucosal)

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43
Q

What is the viral agent of vesicular stomatitis?

A

rhabdovirus, vesciulovirus; serotypes of Indiana and NJ

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44
Q

Where do we typically find infected individuals with vesicular stomatitis?

A

laboratory setting

45
Q

What biosecurity status is given to a horse w/ salmonellosis?

A

orange dot/ isolation

46
Q

Salmonellosis: what is the most common serotype found in horses?

A

S. typhimurium

47
Q

What is the multi- drug resistant phage type of Salmonella?

A

S. typhimurium DT104

48
Q

Does S. typhimurium DT 104 or S. typhimurium have an increased potential for zoonotic transmission?

A

S. typhimurium DT 104

49
Q

where have several nosocomial outbreaks been reported in regards to Salmonellosis?

A

veterinary teaching hospitals: horses having surgery for colics

50
Q

what population is at risk for salmonellosis with low numbers?

A

immunocompromised, those with concurrent disease, antibiotic use

51
Q

What is the range of clinical signs present in a horse with salmonelosis?

A

diarrhea, abortion, septicemia, death (esp in foals)

52
Q

Where is Rhodococcus equi found?

A

readily found in soil, esp where domestic livestock graze

53
Q

When is R. equi found in humans?

A

if they are severely immunocompromised or have HIV, Downs syndrome

54
Q

Clinically, what would you expect to find in a foal with R. equi?

A

pneumonia

55
Q

Clinically, what would you expect to find in a horse with R. equi?

A

multifocal ulcerative enterocolitis and pyogranulomatous typhlocolitis -> abscesses

56
Q

What is the agent - Anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

57
Q

Anthrax: are cattle or horses more susceptible?

A

Cattle

58
Q

Anthrax: transmission?

A

inhalation, consumption or inoculation of spores

59
Q

What are the clinical signs seen in a horse with anthrax?

A

septicemic form w/ high fever, colic, enteritis w/ hemorrhages, depression and death w/in 2-4 days

60
Q

Anthrax: what is the most common cutaneous form in humans?

A

ulcer w/ black eschar

61
Q

When do horses get infected w/ brucellosis?

A

accidental; if they share pasture w/ infected cattle or swine; think Yellowstone w/ the buffalos

62
Q

Brucellosis: clinical signs in horses

A

fistulous withers, poll evil, fistulous bursitis; may not show signs for as long as 2 years post- exposure

63
Q

What is the common causative agent of dermatomycosis?

A

Trichophyton equinum

64
Q

How do humans get dermatomycosis?

A

by direct contact w/ horses or indirect contact w/ their blankets, equipment, etc

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of a horse w/ dermatomycosis?

A

round, hairless lesions; thickened skin and covered with scales

66
Q

What is rain rot?

A

an infection caused by dermatophilus congolensis

67
Q

What organism develops characteristic septate filaments w/ parallel rows of coccoid cells that form motile flagellated zoospores?

A

dermatophilus congolensis

68
Q

What do the lesions look like on horses with dermatophilosis?

A

clumped hair, paint brush lesions

69
Q

what do the lesions look like on humans with dermatophilosis?

A

pustular desquamative dermatitis

70
Q

A cat presents with enlarged, draining ulcers on distal portions of all extremities, the head, and base of tail. What is our top differential?

A

Sporotrichosis- sporothrix schenkii

71
Q

A man treats his cat for sporotrichosis but now has a very painful, ulcerated nodule on his finger… is it possible he got sporotrichosis from his cat? how?

A

yes! no penetration or interruption needed; cats shed organisms from their wounds and in feces

72
Q

where is sporothrix schenkii found?

A

naturally in the soil

73
Q

what does a horse look like w/ sporotrichosis?

A

ulcerated nodules; can progress to lymphatic- cording disease where the lymphatic chains become enlarged and rupture; distal limbs

74
Q

Is MRSA a methicillin resistant staph or strep?

A

staph

75
Q

what gene mediates resistance of staph to penicillin?

A

mecA

76
Q

what protein does mecA code for on the staph?

A

PBP2a

77
Q

what is prevented from binding to the wall of a staph when PBP2a is present?

A

B- lactams

78
Q

what are the types of MRSA (2)?

A

community associated- people at risk who live in crowded areas, frequent contact w/ others, compromised skin, poor hygiene; nosocomial- immunocompromised individuals in a hospital

79
Q

T or F: horses are colonized by MRSA

A

True

80
Q

T or F: 25-40% of the human population is colonized by S. aureus in their nasal passage?

A

True

81
Q

How do you clean an area after treating an animal with MRSA?

A

with a household disinfectant or bleach solution

82
Q

Where did the outbreak and in what population did M bovis occur?

A

Michigan, white tail deer

83
Q

What spp of Mycobacterium is prevalent in AIDS patients?

A

M. avium/ intracellulare (MAC)

84
Q

What spp of Mycobacterium has been found in p’s with Crohn’s?

A

M. paratuberculosis

85
Q

In what product has M. paratuberculosis been found?

A

pasteurized milk; clumps of bacterial cells get stuck together, outside is pasteurized, but the core does not

86
Q

What multi-resistant strain of Mycobacterium has been found in prison populations?

A

M. tuberculosis

87
Q

What are the general clinical signs assc with M. tuberculosis in humans?

A

tuberculous chancre, pulmonary lesions (w/ chronic wasting), disseminated TB (i..e genitourinary infection)

88
Q

outbreaks of brucellosis in humans is often associated with what dairy product?

A

non-pasteurized, soft mexican cheese

89
Q

how would a human get brucellosis?

A

direct contact (aka fetal fluids) or ingestion or accidental injection w/ RB 51 vaccine

90
Q

what is the common clinical sign in humans w/ brucellosis?

A

undulating fever

91
Q

What disease can you cross react w/ yersinia enterocolitica to get a diagnose?

A

Brucella spp

92
Q

Why are brucella spp hard to treat?

A

intracellular organisms

93
Q

what is the agent for psuedotuberculosis?

A

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

94
Q

What is the most common symptom of humans presenting with psuedotuberculosis?

A

appendicitis

95
Q

What spp of Yersinia produces an enterotoxin similar to that of heat stable E. coli?

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

96
Q

What is the reservoir for Yersinia enterocolitica?

A

Pigs; tonsils

97
Q

List the respective percentages of those with salmonella: dogs, birds, pet turtles, iguanas?

A

dogs: 10%; birds: 50%; pet turtles/iguanas: 85%

98
Q

what is the route of transmission for salmonella typhimurium?

A

fecal- oral and inhaling vacuum dust

99
Q

T or F: Salmonella is self-limiting, usually

A

True

100
Q

Campylobacter jejuni: what pets do we see w/ it?

A

puppies and kittens from the pound

101
Q

Campylobacter fetus fetus: what is the source of the organism to pregnant women?

A

pregnant and aborting sheep= birthing fluids

102
Q

T or F: Leptospira interrogans produces outside its host

A

False, it does not reproduce outside of the hsot

103
Q

You see a city dog, lapping up a puddle on a busy street on a hot , humid day. You then see a rat pass by… what do you yell at the dog in a panic:
a) STOP YOU WILL GET COCCIDIA!
b) OKAY ENOUGH. I HAVE WATER AT HOME.
c) YOURE GOING TO GET LEPTO! STOP THAT SHIT

A

C

104
Q

Can a human get lepto?

A

yes:
anicteric form- flu like
icteric form- aseptic meningitis w/ jaundice

105
Q

An owner brings in their pet parrot for some mild GI signs and what looks like conjunctivitis. You notice the owner also has a bad cough. You ask how the owner feels and he tells you he has had a bad cough and chest pain for a few days and is headed to the doctor tomorrow. What do we think is going on? is it zoonotic? if so, how was it acquired?

A

Psittacosis -> Chlamydophilia psittaci; zoonotic; aerosolized bird droppings

106
Q

What species of Chlamydophilia is not considered a human pathogen?

A

C. felis

107
Q

T or F: seafood products can have erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

True, along with swine and poultry

108
Q

A fisherman presents w/ these red, swollen lesions, but upon closer look you see they are circled with a violet color. We become worried about septicemia and endocarditis. What pathogen are we thinking about?

A

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Erysipeloid)

109
Q

In swine, what is the causative agent of diamond skin disease?

A

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Healthy Pop (1 decks)

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