Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards
1) What is the pelvis (region)?
2) what does it consist of?
3) What is the osseous pelvis?
4) What does the pelvic viscera include?
5) What are the pelvic cavity boundaries?
1) caudal region of trunk
2) pelvic viscera within a pelvic cavity bounded on 5 sides
3) sacrum (axial) + os coxae of each side (append)
4) rectum and anal canal; distal ureters, urinary bladder and urethra; male or female genitalia; blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves
5) cranial opening - pelvic inlet (opening) bounded by sacrum, ilium and pubis
cavity walls - osseus pelvis + obturator and gluteal mm and sacrotuberous ligament
caudal boundary - perineum
What is the perineum?
botha region and the caudal wall of pelvic cavity
1) describe the perineum as a region
2) describe the perineum as a caudal wall
anus to scrotal attachment or vulva (bound dorsally in tail; between ischiatic tuberosities (bound laterally)
2) muscles, fascia and skins surrounding anal canal and urogential tract
includes 5 parts = pelvic diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, external anal sphincter m, genital striated m and smooth mm
1) What is the pelvic diaphragm composed of?
2) What is the urogenital diaphragm composed of?
3) What is the difference in cat involving external anal sphincter m?
4) What are the genital striated mm in the female and male?
5) What does the smooth mm include?
1) levator ani and coccygeus mm and associated fascia (prevent things from coming out)
2) external urethral sphincter (urethralis m - striated) and assoc deep fascia
3) involved in voluntary fecal continence and in the cat, part of it comes down as levator scrotis - holds down gonads when running (no cremaster muscle)
4) male - bulbospongiosus m and paired ischiocavernosus mm
female - constrictor vestibuli, constrictor vulvae and ischiocavernosus mm
5) innervated by VE neurons, rectococcygeus m (anchors rectum) and retractor penis/clitoris m
1) What are the parts of the urinary bladder? (name ligaments too)
2) What’s the trigone?
3) Describe female and male urethra
4) Define micturition
1) apex, body, neck; 2 lateral ligaments and 1 median ligament
region of neck demarcated by ureters and urethra
3) female - termianates in vestibule (external urethral opening)
male - pelvic urethra (prepostatic (cat only), prostatic and postprostatic regions) and penile urethra
4) urination
Describe the muscles involved in micturition and their functions
1) Detrusor m = smooth muscle (VE) coat of apex and body of urinary bladder
innervated by pelvic nerve and is used for micturition
2) internal urethral sphincter = smooth m, innervated by hypogastric nerve; fns in all day use
female - vesical neck and cranial half of urethra
male - neck (dog); neck and preprostatic urethra (cat)
3) external urethral sphincter = urethralis m (striated - voluntary); innervated by pudendal nerve; for immediate response
female - caudal half of urethra
male - postprostatic urethra)
What occurs with urine storage?
What happens with spinal injury patients (paraplegics)
sphincters active via spinal reflexes and detrusor m inhibited
- internal sphincter exerts tonic activity after bladder is half full
- external sphincter is activated voluntarily or flexly during phasic pressure increase
can’t completely empty bladder –> more susceptible to cystitis
1) What is the vulva composed of?
2) What is present ventrally
1) left and right labia which bound a vulval cleft –> constrictor vulvae m (striated) is in each labial wall
2) an indentation, fossa of clitoris
1) Where is the clitoris located?
2) What is it a homologue to in the male?
3) What is it composed of?
1) deep (cranial) to fossa of clitoris
2) penis
3) glans = erectile tissue
body = fat in a CT capsule
crus = scant erectile tissue enclosed in fibrous CT
-covered by ischiocavernosus m
1) Where is the vestibule located?
2) What opening is found in vestibule?
3) What is it composed of?
1) extends from vulval cleft to transverse fold (hymen) that marks vestibulo-vaginal junction
2) external urethral opening (on a tubercle in dog, in a slit in cat)
3) constrictor vestibuli m (striated) is in the wall as well as vestibular glands (mucous)
- in dog, the wall also contains vestibular bulbs (accumulation of erectile tissue)
1) Where is the vagina located within the female genital tract?
2) What does it display when not expanded?
1) extends from vestibue to a fornix at level of cervix (uterus)
2) longitudinal folds
1) What are the three parts of the uterus?
1) cervix - short, thick muscular wall (narrow canal)
2) body - relatively short in carnivores
3) Uterine horns - paired, relatively long
1) What are other names for the uterine tube?
2) where is it located?
3) What does it terminate in?
4) What does Ovary contain?
5) What does ovary produce?
1) oviduct, fallopian tube
2) exits laterally from uterine horn; terminates medial to ovary
3) in funnel-shaped infundibulum that has fimbrae (catches ovulated oocytes)
4) ova
5) hormones (estrogen and during pregnancy, progesterone)
1) Where is scrotum situated?
2) What is the scrotum?
3) Describe the parts of the spermatic fascia
4) Where does cremaster muscle extend?
5) What does the dartos m form?
1) between penis and anus
2) cutaneous pouch - comprised of smooth smooth cutaneous dartos muscle
3) internal = fibrous membrane bound to parietal vaginal tunic
external = loose areolar CT within dartos
4) from internal abdominal oblique m and attaches to internal spermatic fascia
5) scrotal septum
1) What do the testes produce?
2) What coats it?
3) What do teh seminiferosu tubules connect to?
1) spermatozoa and testosterone
2) tunica albuginea (thick, white, CT capsule) and enveloped by visceral vaginal tunic –> vaginal cavity –> parieta vaginal tunic –> internal and external spermatic fascia –> dartos muscle –> skin
3) the rete testis (delivers sperm out)
