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Anatomy > Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb > Flashcards

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the actions of the tensor fascia lata?

A

Abduction and medial rotation of the thigh, keep pelvis leveled

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2
Q

The abdominal aorta becomes the common iliac arteries when it splits at?

A

T10 to T12

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3
Q

What attaches the fovea of the femur to the acetabulum?

A

Ligament of head of femur

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4
Q

What structures pass through the obturator canal?

A

Obturator v. a. n.

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5
Q

What does the bispinous outlet measure and how long is it?

A

The distance between the Left and Right Ischial spines
- 10.5 cm

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6
Q

The degeneration of the SI joint can be attributed to what genes and conditions?

A

HLA genes and Ankylosing spondylitis, Psoriatic, inflammatory, and reactive arthritis

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7
Q

What muscles originate on the ischial tuberosity and get blood supply from the medial circumflex femoral artery?

A

Inferior gemellus and quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What does the sagittal/anteroposterior inlet measure and how long is it?

A

The promontory to the top of the pubic symphysis

  • 11 cm
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9
Q

Where does the gluteus Maximus originate?

A

Illium, sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

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10
Q

What muscles do lateral rotation, abduction, flexion of the thigh, and stabilizes the femoral head in the acetabulum?

A

Piriformis, Obteratur internus, Superior and Inferior Gemellus

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11
Q

Gluteal muscle inserts on illiotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity

A

Gluteus maximus

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12
Q

What are the 2 pelvic wall ligaments? What is their purpose?

A

Sacrospinous ligament and Sacrotuberous ligament; to prevent the sacrum from lifting

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13
Q

What arteries supply blood to the gluteus Maximus?

A

Superior and Inferior gluteal artery

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14
Q

Gluteal muscle innervated by inferior gluteal n.

A

Gluteus maximus

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the obturator internus muscle?

A

(L5/S1) n. to obturator

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16
Q

Weak or paralyzed abductor mm. of the hip with one side tilted upon standing, indicates lesion of what nerve?

A

L4/L5/S1 Superior gluteal nerve

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17
Q

What does the transverse inlet measure and how long is it?

A

The maximum transverse (L to R) diameter of the inlet
- 13 cm

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18
Q

Where does the lumbosacral ligament originate and what part of the sacrum and ligament does it attach to?

A

It attaches on the transverse process of L5 and runs inferiorly and laterally to attach on the ala of the sacrum, where its fibers intermingle with the fibers of the anterior sacroiliac ligament.

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19
Q

Where does the obturator internus originate and insert? What is its action?

A

It originates on the anterolateral wall of internal pelvis and inserts on the medial surface of the greater trochanter of femur. Lateral rotation of extended hip and abduction of flexed hip.

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20
Q

Patient presents with difficulty standing from seated position. What nerve is likely lesioned?

A

L5/S1/S2 Inferior gluteal n.

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21
Q

What is contained in the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral v. a. n. and lymphatics

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22
Q

What ligament attaches the illiopubic eminence to the illiofemoral ligament?

A

Pubofemoral ligament

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23
Q

What ligament attaches the ilium to the intertrochanteric line of the femur?

A

Illiofemoral ligament

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24
Q

What type of n. is the genitofemoral branch?

A

sensory

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25
Q

If there was subluxation of the femur, what ligament will likely be affected?

A

Transverse ligament

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26
Q

What are the pelvic inlet/outlet measurements used to predict?

A

Successful vaginal deliveries and arthritis to analyze shifts in the pelvis

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27
Q

What muscle does not inset onto the greater trochanter and does not aid in stabilization of the femoral joint?

A

Quadratus femoris, it inserts onto the quadrate tubercle

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28
Q

What muscles are of the pelvic wall and help to stabilize the femoral joint? What is their action?

A

Obturator internus and Piriformis muscle; Lateral rotation of extended hip, abduction of flexed hip

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29
Q

Intramuscular injections are inserted in the upper lateral quadrant into what muscle?

A

Gluteus maximus

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30
Q

Where on the femur does the gluteus Maximus muscles insert?

A

Gluteal tuberosity and IT band

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31
Q

What nerve innervates the piriformis muscle?

A

Branches of S1/S2 (VPR)

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32
Q

Which arteries allow access to abdomen and heart through catherization?

A

Femoral a. and v.

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33
Q

What nerve innervates the superior gemelli?

A

n. to obturator internus

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34
Q

What muscle does not contribute to abduction of the thigh but does lateral rotation and stabilizes the femoral joint?

A

Quadratus femoris

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35
Q

What type of nerve is the lateral femoral cutaneous n.?

A

Sensory n. to the thigh

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36
Q

What nerves innervate the piriformis muscle?

A

S1/S2 VPR

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37
Q

What are the structures of the hip joint?

A

Acetabulum, Head of femur, transverse ligament, and acetabular labrum

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38
Q

What are the boundaries the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal Ligament (superior)
Aductor longus (medial)
Satori’s muscle (lateral)

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39
Q

Where does the gluteus minimus and medius originate and insert?

A

Origin: Illium Insertion: Greater trochanter

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40
Q

Where does the piriformis muscle originate?

A

Sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament

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41
Q

Structure that a baby exits through?

A

Pelvic outlet

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42
Q

Where does the obturator internus originate?

A

Obturator membrane

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43
Q

What ligament is the femoral triangle inferior to?

A

Inguinal ligament

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44
Q

What 2 ligaments stabilize the pubic symphysis?

A

Superior and inferior pubic ligament

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45
Q

What are the 2 places where the neuromuscular bundles run through from the pelvis

A

Perineum and lower limb

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46
Q

What type of nerve is the illioinguinal nerve, and where does it run?

A

Sensory nerve that runs around the illiac crest to the inguinal region.

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47
Q

Where does the illiolumbar ligament originate and attach?

A

It originates from the transverse processes of L4 and L5 and attaches to the medial side of the iliac crest.

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48
Q

What nerve innervates the gluteal muscles except the Gluteal Maximus?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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49
Q

If a patient presents with abnormal wobbling gate and unleveled hips. The Trendelenburg sign can be used to test for which nerve?

A

L4/L5/S1 Superior gluteal n.

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50
Q

What artery supplies blood to the gluteus minimus, medius, Maximus, and piriformis muscles?

A

Superior gluteal artery

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51
Q

What is the structure a baby passes through?

A

Pelvic inlet

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52
Q

What ligament does the external illic pass under to become the femoral artery?

A

Illioinguinal ligament

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53
Q

What ligaments allow for a reduced need for muscle stabilization at the hip joint?

A

The illiofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischialfemoral ligaments orient spiral to become taut when the joint is extended.

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54
Q

What type of n. is the femoral n. and where does it run?

A

The femoral n. is sensory to the anterior side of the leg and thigh but only motor to the anterior thigh or (quads).

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55
Q

What ligament attaches ischium to greater trochanter reinforcing the fibrous membrane?

A

Ischiofemoral ligament

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56
Q

Where does the inferior gemellus originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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57
Q

What are the actions of the abductor muscles, gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Abduct and medially rotate the thigh, Keep pelvis leveled when opposite leg is raised.

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58
Q

If a patient is having trouble with lateral rotation of the thigh, what nerves may be affected?

A

Nerve to obturator internus, nerve to quadratus femoris, S1/S2 VPR, Inferior gluteal n.

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59
Q

What are the actions of the hip joint?

A

Medial and lateral rotation

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60
Q

Fractured hip, 2 months later patient is experiencing pain and difficulty walking. Imaging shows several severed arteries. What are they and what is the patients diagnosis?

A

Avascular necrosis. The hip fracture caused some of the femoral circumflex arteries to sever, resulting in loss of blood supply to the head of femur.

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61
Q

What ligament separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The sacrospinous ligament

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62
Q

What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen? (Below sacrospinous ligament)

A

The pudendal v.a.n. that pass out of the pelvis through greater sciatic foramen and then enter back through the lesser sciatic foramen to go to the perineum.

63
Q

What structures can be accessed through the femoral triangle?

A

Lower limb, vessels of the abdomen(venous access to kidneys, right atrium, and pulmonary arteries), and thorax(coronary angiography and angioplasty)

64
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Subfascial space in the anterosuperior third of the thigh

65
Q

What ligaments participate in the extension of the hip joint?

A

illiofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischialfemoral l

66
Q

Where does the superior gemelli originate?

A

Ischial spine

67
Q

3 Bones that make up the pelvis

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

68
Q

What nerve innervates the inferior gemellus?

A

nerve to the quadratus femoris (L5/S1)

69
Q

What are the 2 regions of the gluteal region?

A

Buttocks (posterior) and hip (lateral)

70
Q

Perforating cutaneous n. innervation

A

sensory to the gluteal region

71
Q

What muscle splits the sciatic foramen?

A

Piriformis muscle

72
Q

Posterior cutaneous n. innervation

A

Sensory to the posterior thigh

73
Q

What structures pass above the piriformis muscle in the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Superior gluteal v. a. n.

74
Q

What muscles insert onto the greater trochanter of the femur?

A

Gluteus medius, minimus, piriformis, Gemellus, and Obturator

75
Q

Where does the piriformis muscle originate and insert? What is its action?

A

It originates on the anterior surface of the sacrum and (passing through the sciatic foramen) it inserts on to the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

76
Q

What happens to the pelvic ligaments to allow childbirth?

A

High levels of estrogen allow these joints to increase their mobility. This leads to joint dysplasia where the pelvis can open up.

77
Q

What muscles participate in the extension of the hip joint?

A

Piriformis and Obturator internus

78
Q

What muscles are innervated by the n. to the obturator internus?

A

Gemellus muscles and obturator internus

79
Q

Powerful extender muscle of the thigh, assists in lateral rotation, and rising from sitting position

A

Gluteus maximus

80
Q

What is the area on bony pelvis where lower limb (femur) articulates

A

Acetabulum

81
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the SI joint

A
  • Anterior SI ligament
  • Interosseous SI ligament
  • Posterior SI ligament
82
Q

What arteries supply blood to the piriformis muscle?

A

Superior and Inferior gluteal artery, Internal pudendal artery

83
Q
A
84
Q

What does the sagittal outlet measure?

A

The distance between the tip of the coccyx to the inferior margin of the pubic symphysis.

85
Q

Sciatic nerve innervation

A

Motor and sensory to posterior thigh

86
Q

What muscle originates on the Anterior iliac spine and iliac crest and inserts onto the Illiotibial band?

A

Tensor fascia lata

87
Q

What artery supplies blood to the inferior gemellus?

A

Medial circumflex femoral artery

88
Q

If the femur is no longer receiving vascular supply, what artery is likely affected?

A

Femoral circumflex arteries

89
Q

What structures pass below the piriformis muscle in the greater sciatic foramen?(Above sacrospinous ligament)

A

Inferior gluteal v.a.n., Sciatic n., Posterior femoral cutaneous n., Pundendal v.a.n., n. to obturator internus mm. and n. to quadrates femoris mm.

90
Q

What arteries supply blood to the superior gemelli?

A

Inferior gluteal artery and Internal pudendal artery

91
Q

What artery feeds the knee joint?

A

Popliteal artery

92
Q

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?

A

Illioinguinal n.(L1), Genitofemoral n.(L1/L2), Lateral femoral cutaneous n.(L2/L3), Femoral n. (L2-L4), Obturator n. (L2-L4)

93
Q

What are the nerves of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic n.(L4-S3), nerve to quad fem(L4-S1), Superior gluteal n.(L4-S1), Inferior gluteal n. (L5-S1), Nerve to obturator (L5-S2), Posterior cutaneous n. (S1-S3), Perforating cutaneous n. (S2/S3)

94
Q

What nerve roots make up the lumbosacral trunk?

A

L4/L5

95
Q

What veins drain into the popliteal vein?

A

Posterior tibial vein and small saphenous vein

96
Q

What vein does the popliteal vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

97
Q

What vein does the Great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein in the femoral triangle

98
Q

What is the cause of Peripheral vascular disease or edema? What is a primary sign?

A

Heart or liver issues prevent blood from being pumped back up efficiently. This leads to veins stretching and becoming distorted. The patient then presents with varicose veins.

99
Q

What is DVT or deep vein thrombosis?

A

Poor blood flow, sedentary lifestyle, travel, and varicose veins can cause DVT. Deep veins clot and go to the great saphenous and up to the heart then to the lungs causing a pulmonary embolism. The patient may present with chest pain and being unable to suddenly catch their breath like a heart attack.

100
Q

What muscles does the pudendal n. supply?

A

none

101
Q

What nerves supply the anterior thigh?

A

Motor: Femoral n.
Sensory: Femoral n.

102
Q

What are the nerves of the gluteal region

A

Superior and inferior gluteal n., nerve to obturator internus, nerve to quadratus femoris, posterior cutaneous n., perforating cutaneous n., sciatic n.

103
Q

Inflammation of the piriformis can cause numbness, pain, and tingling can be caused by pressure on what n. ?

A

Sciatic n.

104
Q

Numbness and tingling in the inguinal region may indicate lesion of what nerves?

A

Illioinguinal n. or Genitofemoral n.

105
Q

Numbness and tingling on lateral portion of the thigh may indicate lesion of what n. ?

A

Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

106
Q

What nerve does motor and sensory to the medial part of the thigh?

A

Obturator n.

107
Q

What nerve does motor to lateral part of the thigh?

A

Superior gluteal n.

108
Q

What nerve does sensory to medial part of leg?

A

Femoral n.

109
Q

Numbness and tingling on posterior leg is caused by what nerve and branch?

A

Tibial or Sural branch of the sciatic nerve

110
Q

Numbness and tingling in lateral buttock in back of the thigh is due to damage to what nerve?

A

Posterior femoral cutaneous n. (branch of Sciatic n.)

111
Q

Numbness and tingling to the calf is due to damage to what nerve?

A

Sural n. (Sciatic/tibial branch)

112
Q

What ligament divides the leg into 3 compartments?

A

Fascia lata

113
Q

Fascial compartment syndrome

A

Trauma or hemorrhage to a fascial enclosed muscular compartment lead to Fluid or blood edema that swells becuase it can’t move through the planes. Muscles and nerves become compressed and lose action. Blood flow can also be cut off leading to necrosis.

114
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment?

A

Illiopsoas, Sartorious, Quadriceps

114
Q

Action of anterior thigh muscles

A

Flex the hip joint, Extend the knee

114
Q

Nerve roots of the femoral n.?

A

L2-L4

115
Q

Origin of the illiacus

A

illiac crest, illiac fossa, and sacro-illiac ligament

116
Q

What muscles originates off the sacroilliac ligament?

A

Illiacus

117
Q

What is the origin of the psoas?

A

T12-L5 vertebrae

118
Q

Where does the illiopsoas insert?

A

Lesser trochanter

119
Q

What muscle does the illiolumbar artery supply?

A

Illiopsoas

120
Q

Where does the sartorius muscle originate?

A

ASIS of illiac

120
Q

What nerve innervate the Psoas and Illiacus

A

Psoas - L1/L2/L3(VPR)
Illiacus - Femoral n. (L2/L3)

120
Q

Action of the illiopsoas muscle

A

flex thigh at hip joint.
stabilize hip joint

120
Q

Where does sartorius insert?

A

Medial suface of tibia

121
Q

What nerve innervates Sartorius m.?

A

Femoral n. (L2/L3)

122
Q

Action of the sartorius m.?

A
  • flex, abducts and laterally rotates thigh at the hip
  • flex knee at the hip
  • medially rotates leg when knee is flexed (Criss cross)
123
Q

What are the four quad muscles

A

Vastus medialis, Rectus Femoris, Vastus intermedialis, Vastus lateralis

124
Q

Primary action of the quad muscles?

A

Extend leg at the knee

125
Q

Insertion of the quad muscles

A

Common quadricep tendon that inserts into the patellar tuberosity

126
Q

Origin of the vastus medialis (quad)

A

Intertrochanteric line of the femur and the linea aspera of the femur

127
Q

Origin of the rectus femoris (quad)

A

ASIS and acetabulum of the illium

128
Q

Action of the Rectus Femoris m. (quad)

A
  • Extend leg at the knee
  • steadies hip joint
    assist iliopsoas muscle – flex thigh
129
Q

Origin of the Vastus intermedialis

A

Shaft of the femur

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Anatomy (2 decks)

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