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Question 1

What are the main sections covered in the document?

Answer 1

Basics, Single Engine Propeller Commercial Ops, Multi-Engine Propeller Take-Off, Jet Aircrafts Performance Script, page 4

Question 2

What are the stages of flight discussed in the Basics section?

Answer 2

Climb, level flight, powered descent, glide Performance Script, page 10

Question 3

Define ‘steady’ flight.

Answer 3

Steady flight is when all forces acting on the airplane are balanced, resulting in a constant velocity and no acceleration Performance Script, page 11

Question 4

What is the legislative aviation requirement for aircraft certification?

Answer 4

Aircraft certification requirements include take-off, cruise and landing procedures, stability requirements, and design requirements Performance Script, page 7

Question 5

What are the CS 23 and CS 25 certification specifications?

Answer 5

CS 23 is for smaller aeroplanes, and CS 25 is for large turbine-powered transport aeroplanes Performance Script, page 7

Question 6

What is the minimum speed in horizontal flight (VS1g)?

Answer 6

VS1g is the minimum speed at which the aeroplane develops a lift equal to the aeroplane weight Performance Script, page 8

Question 7

Define stall speed (VS).

Answer 7

Stall speed (VS) is the minimum steady flight speed at which the aeroplane is controllable, with zero thrust or with the engines idling Performance Script, page 9

Question 8

Explain the difference between VS and VS1g.

Answer 8

VS refers to a conventional stall where lift suddenly subsides, while VS1g is the minimum steady speed in horizontal flight Performance Script, page 9

Question 9

What is the equation for stall speed (VS0)?

Answer 9

( VS_0 = VS_{1g} \times 0.94 ) Performance Script, page 9

Question 10

What are the forces acting on an airplane during steady climbing flight?

Answer 10

Lift (L), Weight (W), Thrust (T), Drag (D) Performance Script, page 11

Question 11

What happens when power available (PA) is higher than power required (PR)?

Answer 11

The surplus can be used to climb, accelerate to a higher speed during level flight, or climb and accelerate at the same time Performance Script, page 12

Question 12

Define ‘range’ in aviation terms.

Answer 12

Range is the still air distance the aeroplane can cover under certain operational conditions Performance Script, page 14

Question 13

What factors affect cruise performance for a Single Engine Piston Aeroplane (SEP)?

Answer 13

Centre of gravity, configuration, altitude, temperature, fuel flow, wind Performance Script, page 17

Question 14

What is the ‘best angle of climb speed’ (Vx)?

Answer 14

Vx is the speed for the best angle of climb, where thrust surplus is maximum Performance Script, page 23

Question 15

What is the effect of mass on glide performance?

Answer 15

Greater mass results in a constant glide angle, increased rate of descent, higher minimum rate of descent, and higher flight speed for a certain glide angle Performance Script, page 27

Question 16

What are declared field distances?

Answer 16

Take-off Run Available (TORA), Take-off Distance Available (TODA), Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDA), Clearway (CWY), Stopway (SWY), Landing Distance Available (LDA) Performance Script, page 30

Question 17

Define Take-Off Run Available (TORA).

Answer 17

TORA is the part of the airfield declared suitable for performing take-offs, capable of supporting an airplane’s mass under all normal operating conditions Performance Script, page 30

Question 18

What is the screen height for commercial operations?

Answer 18

CS 23 operations: 50ft, CS 25 operations (dry runway): 35ft, CS 25 operations (wet runway, one engine INOP): 15ft Performance Script, page 35

Question 19

What is the effect of density altitude on take-off performance?

Answer 19

Higher density altitude results in lower air density and lower available power, requiring more distance to reach a specific speed Performance Script, page 38

Question 20

How does wind affect take-off and landing distances?

Answer 20

Headwind shortens take-off and landing distance, while tailwind increases both significantly Performance Script, page 39

Question 21

What is the definition of landing distance (LD)?

Answer 21

Landing distance is the distance between the point at which the airplane has a height above the runway surface equal to the screen height and the point at which the airplane comes to a complete stop Performance Script, page 41

Question 22

What factors affect landing distance?

Answer 22

Flap setting, runway conditions, use of spoilers, use of speed brakes Performance Script, page 43

Question 23

What is the reference landing speed (VREF)?

Answer 23

VREF is the speed of an aeroplane at the point where it descends through the landing screen height for a manual landing Performance Script, page 42

Question 24

What are the stages of flight for Single Engine Propeller Commercial Ops?

Answer 24

Take off, climbing flight, level flight, descending flight, approach and landing Performance Script, page 48

Question 25

What is the obstacle corridor in multi-engine propeller take-off?

Answer 25

The area through which the aircraft must climb to ensure obstacle clearance during take-off Performance Script, page 56

Question 26

Define the term ‘thrust equation’.

Answer 26

Thrust (TA) is calculated as ( \dot{m}{air} \times (v{out} - v_{in}) ) where (\dot{m}{air}) is air mass flow through the engine, (v{out}) is engine outlet speed of the air, and (v_{in}) is engine inlet speed of the air Performance Script, page 62