Peers Relations Flashcards
How does peer interaction emerge in early childhood?
6 months: recognition of peer as social partner (vocalising, looking, gestures). From 12-24 months: turn taking and preference for certain peers. From 2nd year actively seek peers and show a preference.
What are Parten (1932)’s categories of play?
Unoccupied behaviour Solitary play Onlooking behaviour Parallel play Associative play Cooperative play.
What is involved in Linder (1993)’s play-based assessment?
Phase 1: Unstructured facilitation Phase 2: Structured facilitation Phase 3: Child-child interaction Phase 4: Parent-child interaction Phase 5: Motor play Categories of observation: cognition, communication &language, social-emotional, sensorimotor. Can learn about their stage of development.
What are functions of play and peer interaction?
Cognitive development (problem solving, exploration, learning, communication), Imagination (social roles, social scrips, working with emotions), Social competence.
What are gender differences in peer play?
Maccoby (1980) - children do not grapple with gender-specific roles in isolation.
Rose & Rudolph (2006) - gender differences exist in the role friendships - girls more likely to desire closeness and dependency, but girls more likely to co-ruminate negative thoughts and feelings. No gender differences in amount of conflict experiences or number of recreational opportunities.
What are goals of friendship?
Parker & Gottman - coordinated play (3-6 years), Peer group acceptance (7/8 years), self-disclosure and shared intimacy (increasingly important during adolescence)
What are issues of research on friendship?
Hartup (1999):
Friendships are complex and tricky to measure: having vs. not having friends (quantity), friendship faulty, identity of friends.
How can you establish peer status and popularity?
Perceptions of popularity are rarely the same as ‘true’ popularity, so:
Coie et al developed the sociometric method. Have two groups of people that receive positive nominations from their peers. Take the positive & negative nominations and subtract them from one another to get a social preference score. High social preference score = popular, low = rejected. Social impact = have a large amount of positive nominations but also negative nominations. High social impact = controversial, low = neglected.
What are peer status groups?
Categories of peer status (Coie & Dodge):
Popular (14%), Rejected (aggressive & withdrawn) 12%, Controversial (7%), Neglected (13%), Average (54%).
What are the benefits of researching the sociometric method?
Nominations distinguish groups, helps us to explore dynamics, children show distinct behavioural profiles (observing peers behaviour can distinguish what social group they fall into)
What is the differenced between rejected and neglected children?
Rejected children are trying to engage with their peers, neglected children are not.
What is Newcomb et al’s (1993) sociometric research?
Meta analysis. Broad status group differences in sociability, withdrawal, aggression, cognitive abilities.
What are the consequences of peer status?
Broad patterns of psychopathology and adjustment (Parker & Asher): internalising (depression, anxiety) & externalising (conduct problems, aggressive behaviour), academic achievement.
What is intervention for low peer status?
Positive Behaviour Support Model (Cowan & Sheridan 2009). Universal programme (teach socialisation as part of educational programme) effective for 80%, Targeted interventions (lacking social skills, coaching them on these skills) effective for 10-15%, Intensive support for specific individuals (children rejected for long period of time), effective for 1-5%.
