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OB/Peds Preceptored Exams (Sem 2) > PEDS > Flashcards

PEDS Flashcards

1
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

development that starts at the head and moves downward

child can control its head/neck before its arms and legs

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2
Q

Proximodistal

A

starts at the center and processes to the periphery

movement/control of trunk before arms

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3
Q

Differentiation

A

simple to complex progression of achievement of milestones

child learns to crawl before it walks

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4
Q

infant stage is classified as

A

birth - 1 year

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5
Q

toddler stage is classified as

A

1 - 3 years

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6
Q

preschoold stage is classified as

A

3 - 6 years

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7
Q

school age is classified as

A

6 - 12 years

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8
Q

adolescence is classified as

A

12 - 18 years

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9
Q

developmental milestone expected for 2-3 months

A

grasps toys, eyes follow object, blows bubbles
raises head and chest when lying on stomach
supports body with arms
stretches legs out and kicks while on back

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10
Q

developmental milestone expected for 6-8 months

A

bang objects on table, transfer object from hand to hand, pincer grasp
roll from side to side
sits up unsupported
supports whole weight on legs

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11
Q

developmental milestone expected for 1 year

A

holds crayon and marks on paper, begins to use objects correctly
pulls self up to stand
walks while holding onto furniture
walks two or three steps independently

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12
Q

developmental milestone expected for 2-3 years

A

learning to dress self, can draw simple shapes
jumps
kicks ball
learning to pedal tricycle

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13
Q

developmental milestone expected for 4-5 years

A

dresses independently, uses scissors, learning to tie shoes, brushes teeth
goes up and down stairs independently
throws a ball overhand
hops on one foot

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14
Q

in the theory of psychosexual development, what three parts make up a personality

A

ID
ego
superego

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15
Q

what does the ID mean within personality of psychosexual development

A

basic sexual energy that is present at birth and drives the seeking of pleasure

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16
Q

what does the Ego mean within personality of psychosexual development

A

realistic part of a person

develops during infancy and searches for acceptable methods to meets impulses

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17
Q

what does the superego mean within personlaity of psychosexual development

A

moral and ethical system that develops in childhood and contains values as well as consious thoughts

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18
Q

fixation of development can occur in a specific stage if what occurs

A

if needs are not met or conflicts are not resolved

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19
Q

according to Freud, human nature has what two sides

A

rational intellect and irrational desires

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20
Q

oral stage of psychosexual theory

A

preoccupied with activities with the mouth

birth - 1 year

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21
Q

anal Stage of psychosexual theory

A

1 - 3 years

occupied with ability to eliminate

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22
Q

phallic stage of psychosexual theory

A

precoccupied with genital/becomes aware of sexual being

3 - 6 years

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23
Q

latency stage of psychosexual theory

A

sexual drives submerged/focus on peers

6 - 11 years

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24
Q

genital stage of psychosexual theory

A

struggle with sexuality/sexual being and relationships

12 years through adulthood

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25
Q

what makes up each stage of the psychosocial theory

A

a crisis, personality development that occurs because of this crisis, challenge

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26
Q

stages of psychosocial theory

A 
trust vs. mistrust (birth - 1 year)
autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1 - 3 years)
initiative vs. guilt (3 - 6 years)
industry vs. inferiority (6 - 12 years)
identity vs. role confusion (12 - 18 years)
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27
Q

nature refers to

A

traits, capacities, and limitations that a person inherits from parents at contraception

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28
Q

nurture refers to

A

the environmental influences that occur after conception, including the mothers health before birth and the childs environment thereafter

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29
Q

how is age adjusted for premature infants and their milestones

A

subtract the weeks or months that the child was born early from the current chronological age, should reach adjusted milestones

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30
Q

most premature children catch up with these milestones by what age

A

2 years

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31
Q

what can “play” help with when a child is stressed

A

it can help as a diversional activity and a stress reducer
can act out fears and anxieties
foster growth and developmental needs through play

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32
Q

milestones expected from birth to 3 months

A 
lift head when on abdomen
grasps object
kicks
turns head from side to side
head and neck must be supported
hands/thumbs in mouth
primitive reflexes 
should respond to parents voice/loud noises 
focus on close objects
can smile, laugh, sensitive
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33
Q

milestones expected from 3 - 6 months

A 
birth weight doubles by 6 months of age
can raise head and support it
reaches/grasps objects 
rolls
more stabilized sleeping
opens mouth for spoon
can see with both eyes coordinated
primitive reflexes begin to disappear
begins to drool/chews and teething begin
can sit when propped up
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34
Q

milestones expected for 6 - 9 months

A 
screened for developmental issues at 9 months
rolls from stomach to back
sits unsupported
transfers objects from hand to hand
fine motor skills
feet in mouth
taste preferences
differences in objects
stranger anxiety
object permanence
pull to stand
pincer grasp
crawls back/forward
responds to name
distinguishes colors
distance vision
expresses emotions
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35
Q

milestones for 9 - 12 months

A 
birth weight triples
head/chest circumference are equal
6-8 teeth
knows name
creeps along furniture
drinks from cup, weaned from bottle
stands alone for brief periods
takes steps alone
eats with spoon
enjoys books
12 months can transition to whole cows milk
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36
Q

medical checkups/infant appointments should be scheduled for when

A 
2 months
4 months
6 months
9 months
1 year
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37
Q

what positioning should you use for sleep

A

“safe” to “sleep”

38
Q

should you call your physician if baby is quieter or fussier than usual

A

yes

39
Q

choking safety

A

do not attach pacifiers or other objects to the crib or body with a string or cord

40
Q

car seat safety

A

secure the car seat facing backward

41
Q

shaken baby syndrome

A

teenage fathers are more likely to cause this

can cause detached retinas, permanent brain damage, death

42
Q

erikson theory of toddler development

A

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

toddlers seek to attain autonomy by gaining more self control in areas such as toileting and food preferences

43
Q

Piagets theory of toddler development

A

preoperational
characterized by magical thinking that their thoughts have an impact on the world
egocentrism which is the inability to see things from anothers perspective

44
Q

Freuds theory of toddler development

A

psychosexual theory where toddlers are in the anal stage

pleasure derived from holding/releasing bowel movements

45
Q

Kohlbergs theory of toddler development

A

preconventional

theory of moral development with fear and punishment

46
Q

most children in the toddler age group should be able to

A 
walk alone by 15 months
begin to run
stand on tip toes
climb stairs while holding on to support by 21 months
build towers of four or more blocks by age 2 years
build towers of more than 6 blocks by age 3 years
kick a ball
climb on furniture by age 2 years
pull/carry toys while walking
run/jump
turn a door knob
ride a tricycle
47
Q

language skills of a toddler

A 
point to objects name by others
recognize names of things
5 words by 12 months
50 words by 18 months
use words "I" "me" "you"
use sentences
48
Q

promoting self care in toddlers can be done by

A

encouraging to participate

limited appropriate choices

49
Q

erikson theory of preschool development

A

initiative vs. guilt

begin to assert power or rely on dependence

50
Q

Piaget Theory of preschool development

A

preoperational

magical thinking/egocentrism

51
Q

freud theory of preschool development

A

phallic stage

pleasure derived from genitals

52
Q

motor development of preschool age includes

A 
dress/undress self with assistance
go up and down the stairs without assistance
draw shapes
use utensils/drinking
hop/stand on one foot for 5-10 seconds
throw objects overhand
catch a bounced ball
draw stick figures
use scissors
brush teeth/use toilet
swim/skip/bicycle
53
Q

language characteristics of language skills for preschool age children

A 
speak clearly
comprehend rhyming
use future tense
state full name/address
concrete/literal language
54
Q

should the nurse ask the caregivers opinion without them influencing the childs response when it comes to pain

A

yes

55
Q

what should you observe from a child when it comes to pain

A

facial expressions
movement
vocalization

56
Q

s/s of pain in a child include

A 
furrowed brow
open mouth grimace
lack of expression
restlessness
sleeping
withdrawal
wariness/fear of movement
irritability/aggitation
no vocalization to harsh/high pitched cry
57
Q

instead of giving a child the choice to take a medication, what should you do

A

offer them a choice in what form they would like the medication

58
Q

what pain scales are used in toddlers and preschoolders

A 
FACES (Wong/Baker Faces Scale)
CHEOPS (Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario)
CHIPPS
FLACC
DEGR
TPPPS
59
Q

which pain scale provides versions in order to assess cultural pain differences

A

Oucher Scale

60
Q

seperation anxiety is a normal stage and can range from what ages

A

8 months to 3 years

61
Q

when does seperation anxiety peak

A

10 - 18 months

62
Q

how can a parent reduce seperation anxiety

A

distract the child, say goodbye, and leave quickly
the quicker you leave, the better
practice leaving at home by going to another room and saying you will be back soon
stay calm, be consistent, give reassurance that you will be back

63
Q

when it comes to medication dosing in children, what is important to have

A

medication should have weight based dosing to provide an appropriate dose

64
Q

do children have faster or slower metabolic rates

A

faster

65
Q

at what age/weight should they receive a standard adult dose

A

14 years old

more than 50kg

66
Q

childrens medication dose is based on

A

weight

size can vary with age

67
Q

when giving Sub-Q medications, what can be used for pain

A

eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA)

68
Q

how should EMLA be administered

A 
assess for allergy
apply large glob on the skin
DO NOT RUB IN
apply dressing over it
advise parent to ensure it is not disturbed
wipe before giving medication
69
Q

how long should EMLA be in place for sub-q

A

45 minutes

70
Q

how long should EMLA be in place for IM

A

2 hours

71
Q

how long until EMLA begins to wear off

A

4 hours

72
Q

cognitive development for adolescents Piagets theory includes

A

age 10-11: Concrete Operations

age 12 and older: Formal Operations

73
Q

during the cognitive development of adolescents what occurs

A 
analytic thinking
abstract thinking
concern for politics/social issues
long term/set goals
compares self with peers
awareness of limitations
able to predict outcomes/consequences
74
Q

which gender is less likely to report abuse

A

males

75
Q

what is given to all newborns

A

eyrhtomyocin
vitamin K
Hepatitis B vaccine

76
Q

how many doses of hepatitis B is given and when

A

three doses
birth, 1-2 months, 9-12 months
if dose is missed, just continue, dont restart
given before 2 years old

77
Q

Hepatitis A Vaccine

A

given at 12 months old
two doses given 6-18 months apart
not given before 12 months

78
Q

diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine (DTaP)

A

four dosses given
2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months
final dose given between 4-6 years

79
Q

what is DT for

A

for children younger than 7 years who cannot have the pertussis component

80
Q

contraindication for Hepatitis B vaccine

A

hypersensitivity to yeast

81
Q

situations with an ill child that require emergency medical intervention

A 
difficulty breathing
refusal to lie down
cianosis of the lips
fever associated with difficulty breathing/abnormal skin color
fever with headache/stiff neck
lethargy, withdrawn, unresponsive
seizure activity 
rash that does not blanch
rash that spreads quickly
dehydration signs
vomiting blood
blood in stool
82
Q

what age is hand, foot, and mouth disease most common

A

younger than 10 years

83
Q

how long does it typically take hand foot and mouth disease to resolve

A

10 days

84
Q

how is hand foot and mouth disease transmitted

A

direct contact
droplet
fecal/oral

85
Q

s/s of hand foot and mouth disease

A 
small vesicles in mouth, palms of hands/feet, genitalia and buttocks
cold symptoms
coryza
fever
sore throat
86
Q

if sores in the mouth, what is good education for parents

A

give bland foods/drinks
sprays/mouthwashes
acetaminophen/ibuprofen for pain and fever

87
Q

what does the Hepatitis A virus cause

A

inflammation and decreased liver function

more severe common in older children/adults

88
Q

Hepatitis A is transmitted through

A

fecal/oral route

contaminated food

89
Q

s/s of hepatitis A include

A 
fever
malaise
poor appetite
nausea
jaundice
abdominal pain
dark urine
CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 6 YEARS MAY HAVE NO SYMPTOMS
90
Q

nursing interventions for hepatitis A

A

contact isolation if the child is incontinent with feces
immune globulin can be given after exposure to prevent/reduce severity of the disease
report to local health department

91
Q

what can Hepatitis B cause

A

short term/long term liver dysfunction
cirrhosis
liver cancer
CHRONIC

92
Q

s/s of hepatitis B include

A

aching

malaise

OB/Peds Preceptored Exams (Sem 2) (2 decks)

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