pedo hepato

Question 1

Hepatitis A (HAV) Incubation period

Answer 1

Incubation period: 2-6 weeks

Question 2

Hepatitis A (HAV) Diagnostic test

Answer 2

Diagnostic test: Anti-HAV IgM

Question 3

Hepatitis B (HBV) Incubation period

Answer 3

Incubation period: 2-6 months

Question 4

Hepatitis B (HBV) Diagnostic test

Answer 4

Diagnostic test: HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgM

Question 5

Hepatitis C (HCV) Incubation period

Answer 5

Incubation period: 1-5 months

Question 6

Hepatitis C (HCV) Diagnostic test

Answer 6

Diagnostic test: Anti-HCV, HCV RNA by PCR

Question 7

Hepatitis D (HDV) Incubation period

Answer 7

Incubation period: 3 - 6 weeks

Question 8

Hepatitis D (HDV) Diagnostic test

Answer 8

Diagnostic test: Anti-HDV

Question 9

Hepatitis E (HEV) Incubation period

Answer 9

Incubation period: 2-9 weeks

Question 10

Hepatitis E (HEV) Diagnostic test

Answer 10

Diagnostic test: Anti-HEV

Question 11

What is the most common stage of acute hepatitis and how long does it last?

Answer 11

Icteric hepatitis, lasting 2-4 weeks.

Question 12

What are the early manifestations of acute hepatitis that typically disappear by the icteric stage?

Answer 12

Fever, vomiting, headache, and malaise.

Question 13

What symptom persists during the icteric stage but not the earlier stage?

Answer 13

Anorexia.

Question 14

How does urine color change during the last 1-3 days of the pre-icteric stage?

Answer 14

Urine becomes dark due to bilirubinemia.

Question 15

What are the three main signs of the icteric stage?

Answer 15

Jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stool.

Question 16

What physical exam finding is associated with the icteric stage?

Answer 16

Enlarged and tender liver.

Question 17

What type of hepatitis presents without jaundice, and what are some common symptoms in infants?

Answer 17

Anicteric hepatitis, with symptoms like anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and colic.

Question 18

What is the least common but most serious complication of acute hepatitis, and what is its mortality rate?

Answer 18

Fulminant hepatitis, with a 70% mortality rate.

Question 19

What is the main diagnostic test for acute hepatitis A?

Answer 19

Anti-HAV IgM.

Question 20

What are the two main transmission routes for hepatitis B and C?

Answer 20

Parenteral (blood or body fluids) and sexual.

Question 21

What type of hyperbilirubinemia is usually seen in acute hepatitis?

Answer 21

Direct or mixed.

Question 22

How high can AST and ALT levels be in acute hepatitis?

Answer 22

Up to 10 times normal.

Question 23

Can bilirubin be detected in the urine during acute hepatitis?

Answer 23

yes, indicating kidney involvement.

Question 24

What’s the critical bilirubin level for diagnosing acute hepatic failure?

Answer 24

Above 10 mg/dL (may reach 20 mg/dL in severe cases).

Question 25

To what extent can transaminases be elevated in acute hepatic failure?

Answer 25

10-100 times normal, indicating massive liver cell damage.

Question 26

hy is serum albumin low in acute hepatic failure?

Answer 26

Due to impaired synthesis by the damaged liver.

Question 27

What INR values raise suspicion of acute hepatic failure?

Answer 27

INR > 2 or 1.5-1.9 with encephalopathy.

Question 28

What does a high blood ammonia level indicate in acute hepatic failure?

Answer 28

Impaired detoxification by the liver.

Question 29

What acid-base imbalance is common in acute hepatic failure?

Answer 29

Metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid buildup.

Question 30

What common electrolyte imbalances occur in acute hepatic failure?

Answer 30

Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia.

Question 31

What markers suggest chronic Hepatitis B infection?

Answer 31

Persistent HBsAg and IgG anti-HBc.

Question 32

What markers suggest recent Hepatitis B infection?

Answer 32

HBsAg followed by IgM anti-HBc.

Question 33

Do anti-HCV antibodies always indicate active infection?

Answer 33

No, they only denote exposure.

Question 34

What test confirms active Hepatitis C infection?

Answer 34

HCV RNA detection by PCR.

Question 35

How is Hepatitis C viral load measured for treatment purposes?

Answer 35

Quantitative PCR.

Question 36

What test confirms active Hepatitis C infection?

Answer 36

HCV RNA detection by PCR.

Question 37

What other tests might be used to diagnose acute hepatitis?

Answer 37

Imaging studies like ultrasound or liver biopsy.

Question 38

What conditions can mimic acute hepatitis symptoms?

Answer 38

Autoimmune diseases, drug toxicity, alcohol abuse.

Question 39

What is the main treatment for acute hepatitis?

Answer 39

Supportive care with hydration and monitoring.

Question 40

How can acute hepatitis be prevented?

Answer 40

Vaccination for Hepatitis A and B, safe sexual practices, and avoiding contact with contaminated food and water.

Question 41

What is the prognosis for most cases of acute hepatitis?

Answer 41

Good recovery with adequate management.

Question 42

How long are acute Hepatitis A cases considered infectious after jaundice onset?

Answer 42

7 days.

Question 43

When is handwashing crucial for preventing HAV infection?

Answer 43

After diaper changes, before food preparation/serving.

Question 44

How can blood products be safeguarded against HAV?

Answer 44

Strict screening and testing.

Question 45

Why is sterilization important in preventing HAV transmission?

Answer 45

To eliminate the virus on medical equipment.

Question 46

How can mothers with HAV protect their newborns?

Answer 46

Proper management during delivery to minimize exposure.

Question 47

Who receives the first Hepatitis B vaccine dose in Egypt?

Answer 47

All newborns, ideally at birth.

Question 48

Who might benefit from additional Hepatitis B vaccination besides newborns?

Answer 48

Thalassemics, hemophiliacs, and those with chronic liver disease.

Question 49

What is acute liver failure?

Answer 49

Sudden, severe inability of the liver to function in metabolism, excretion, and detoxification.

Question 50

Is acute liver failure serious?

Answer 50

Yes, it has a bad prognosis and high mortality rate.

Question 51

What virus types can cause acute liver failure?

Answer 51

Viral hepatitis A, B, D, E, EBV, CMV

Question 52

How does Reye syndrome contribute to liver failure?

Answer 52

Aspirin use with varicella or influenza infection.

Question 53

What metabolic diseases can cause acute liver failure?

Answer 53

Wilson's disease, Tyrosinemia.

Question 54

What common drugs can cause acute liver failure?

Answer 54

Paracetamol, NSAIDs, Erythromycin, Isoniazid, Halothane.

Question 55

What is the role of autoimmunity in liver failure?

Answer 55

Autoimmune hepatitis can damage the liver and lead to failure.

Question 56

How does acute liver failure affect blood clotting?

Answer 56

Coagulopathy from decreased coagulation factor synthesis leads to bleeding tendency (mainly in the digestive system) and easy bruising.

Question 57

What amino acids and fatty acids are retained in acute liver failure?

Answer 57

rtain amino acids and short-chain fatty acids accumulate due to impaired breakdown.

Question 58

How does liver failure affect white blood cells?

Answer 58

Neutrophilic dysfunction can weaken the immune system.

Question 59

What complications can arise from hepatic encephalopathy?

Answer 59

Secondary bacterial infections, sepsis, systems failure (including respiratory).

Question 60

What protein deficiency contributes to complications in acute liver failure?

Answer 60

Hypoalbuminemia can further worsen complications.

Question 61

What electrolyte imbalances occur in acute liver failure?

Answer 61

Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypoglycemia are common.

Question 62

What causes fluid buildup in acute liver failure?

Answer 62

Dysfunctioning liver leads to fluid retention and ascites (abdominal fluid accumulation).

Question 63

Does Reye syndrome show elevated bilirubin?

Answer 63

No, elevated serum bilirubin is not typical in Reye syndrome.

Question 64

What other substance besides bilirubin accumulates in the blood due to impaired excretion?

Answer 64

Serum bile salts become elevated.

Question 65

What toxic substance builds up in the blood due to impaired detoxification?

Answer 65

Elevated ammonia level is a key marker of impaired detoxification.

Question 66

What symptom is directly linked to ammonia buildup?

Answer 66

Persistent vomiting can occur due to high ammonia levels.

Question 67

What causes brain edema in acute liver failure?

Answer 67

Elevated ammonia, cerebral vasodilation, hyponatremia, and hypoalbuminemia can all contribute to brain edema.

Question 68

Does Reye syndrome show jaundice?

Answer 68

No, progressive jaundice is usually absent in Reye syndrome.

Question 69

What kidney malfunction can occur in severe acute liver failure?

Answer 69

Hepatorenal syndrome can lead to kidney failure.

Question 70

What are the risk factors for acute liver failure?

Answer 70

Underlying liver disease, alcohol abuse, malnutrition, pregnancy.

Question 71

What is the treatment for acute liver failure?

Answer 71

Supportive care, addressing underlying cause, liver transplantation in some cases.

Question 72

Is there a prevention method for acute liver failure?

Answer 72

Avoiding known risk factors, vaccination against relevant hepatitis viruses.