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pedo hepato > pedo hepato > Flashcards

pedo hepato Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV) Incubation period

A

Incubation period: 2-6 weeks

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2
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV) Diagnostic test

A

Diagnostic test: Anti-HAV IgM

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3
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV) Incubation period

A

Incubation period: 2-6 months

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4
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV) Diagnostic test

A

Diagnostic test: HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgM

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5
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV) Incubation period

A

Incubation period: 1-5 months

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6
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV) Diagnostic test

A

Diagnostic test: Anti-HCV, HCV RNA by PCR

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7
Q

Hepatitis D (HDV) Incubation period

A

Incubation period: 3 - 6 weeks

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8
Q

Hepatitis D (HDV) Diagnostic test

A

Diagnostic test: Anti-HDV

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9
Q

Hepatitis E (HEV) Incubation period

A

Incubation period: 2-9 weeks

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10
Q

Hepatitis E (HEV) Diagnostic test

A

Diagnostic test: Anti-HEV

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11
Q

What is the most common stage of acute hepatitis and how long does it last?

A

Icteric hepatitis, lasting 2-4 weeks.

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12
Q

What are the early manifestations of acute hepatitis that typically disappear by the icteric stage?

A

Fever, vomiting, headache, and malaise.

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13
Q

What symptom persists during the icteric stage but not the earlier stage?

A

Anorexia.

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14
Q

How does urine color change during the last 1-3 days of the pre-icteric stage?

A

Urine becomes dark due to bilirubinemia.

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15
Q

What are the three main signs of the icteric stage?

A

Jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stool.

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16
Q

What physical exam finding is associated with the icteric stage?

A

Enlarged and tender liver.

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17
Q

What type of hepatitis presents without jaundice, and what are some common symptoms in infants?

A

Anicteric hepatitis, with symptoms like anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and colic.

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18
Q

What is the least common but most serious complication of acute hepatitis, and what is its mortality rate?

A

Fulminant hepatitis, with a 70% mortality rate.

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19
Q

What is the main diagnostic test for acute hepatitis A?

A

Anti-HAV IgM.

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20
Q

What are the two main transmission routes for hepatitis B and C?

A

Parenteral (blood or body fluids) and sexual.

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21
Q

What type of hyperbilirubinemia is usually seen in acute hepatitis?

A

Direct or mixed.

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22
Q

How high can AST and ALT levels be in acute hepatitis?

A

Up to 10 times normal.

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23
Q

Can bilirubin be detected in the urine during acute hepatitis?

A

yes, indicating kidney involvement.

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24
Q

What’s the critical bilirubin level for diagnosing acute hepatic failure?

A

Above 10 mg/dL (may reach 20 mg/dL in severe cases).

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25
Q

To what extent can transaminases be elevated in acute hepatic failure?

A

10-100 times normal, indicating massive liver cell damage.

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26
Q

hy is serum albumin low in acute hepatic failure?

A

Due to impaired synthesis by the damaged liver.

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27
Q

What INR values raise suspicion of acute hepatic failure?

A

INR > 2 or 1.5-1.9 with encephalopathy.

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28
Q

What does a high blood ammonia level indicate in acute hepatic failure?

A

Impaired detoxification by the liver.

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29
Q

What acid-base imbalance is common in acute hepatic failure?

A

Metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid buildup.

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30
Q

What common electrolyte imbalances occur in acute hepatic failure?

A

Hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, and hyponatremia.

31
Q

What markers suggest chronic Hepatitis B infection?

A

Persistent HBsAg and IgG anti-HBc.

32
Q

What markers suggest recent Hepatitis B infection?

A

HBsAg followed by IgM anti-HBc.

33
Q

Do anti-HCV antibodies always indicate active infection?

A

No, they only denote exposure.

34
Q

What test confirms active Hepatitis C infection?

A

HCV RNA detection by PCR.

35
Q

How is Hepatitis C viral load measured for treatment purposes?

A

Quantitative PCR.

36
Q

What test confirms active Hepatitis C infection?

A

HCV RNA detection by PCR.

37
Q

What other tests might be used to diagnose acute hepatitis?

A

Imaging studies like ultrasound or liver biopsy.

38
Q

What conditions can mimic acute hepatitis symptoms?

A

Autoimmune diseases, drug toxicity, alcohol abuse.

39
Q

What is the main treatment for acute hepatitis?

A

Supportive care with hydration and monitoring.

40
Q

How can acute hepatitis be prevented?

A

Vaccination for Hepatitis A and B, safe sexual practices, and avoiding contact with contaminated food and water.

41
Q

What is the prognosis for most cases of acute hepatitis?

A

Good recovery with adequate management.

42
Q

How long are acute Hepatitis A cases considered infectious after jaundice onset?

A

7 days.

43
Q

When is handwashing crucial for preventing HAV infection?

A

After diaper changes, before food preparation/serving.

44
Q

How can blood products be safeguarded against HAV?

A

Strict screening and testing.

45
Q

Why is sterilization important in preventing HAV transmission?

A

To eliminate the virus on medical equipment.

46
Q

How can mothers with HAV protect their newborns?

A

Proper management during delivery to minimize exposure.

47
Q

Who receives the first Hepatitis B vaccine dose in Egypt?

A

All newborns, ideally at birth.

48
Q

Who might benefit from additional Hepatitis B vaccination besides newborns?

A

Thalassemics, hemophiliacs, and those with chronic liver disease.

49
Q

What is acute liver failure?

A

Sudden, severe inability of the liver to function in metabolism, excretion, and detoxification.

50
Q

Is acute liver failure serious?

A

Yes, it has a bad prognosis and high mortality rate.

51
Q

What virus types can cause acute liver failure?

A

Viral hepatitis A, B, D, E, EBV, CMV

52
Q

How does Reye syndrome contribute to liver failure?

A

Aspirin use with varicella or influenza infection.

53
Q

What metabolic diseases can cause acute liver failure?

A

Wilson’s disease, Tyrosinemia.

54
Q

What common drugs can cause acute liver failure?

A

Paracetamol, NSAIDs, Erythromycin, Isoniazid, Halothane.

55
Q

What is the role of autoimmunity in liver failure?

A

Autoimmune hepatitis can damage the liver and lead to failure.

56
Q

How does acute liver failure affect blood clotting?

A

Coagulopathy from decreased coagulation factor synthesis leads to bleeding tendency (mainly in the digestive system) and easy bruising.

57
Q

What amino acids and fatty acids are retained in acute liver failure?

A

rtain amino acids and short-chain fatty acids accumulate due to impaired breakdown.

58
Q

How does liver failure affect white blood cells?

A

Neutrophilic dysfunction can weaken the immune system.

59
Q

What complications can arise from hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Secondary bacterial infections, sepsis, systems failure (including respiratory).

60
Q

What protein deficiency contributes to complications in acute liver failure?

A

Hypoalbuminemia can further worsen complications.

61
Q

What electrolyte imbalances occur in acute liver failure?

A

Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypoglycemia are common.

62
Q

What causes fluid buildup in acute liver failure?

A

Dysfunctioning liver leads to fluid retention and ascites (abdominal fluid accumulation).

63
Q

Does Reye syndrome show elevated bilirubin?

A

No, elevated serum bilirubin is not typical in Reye syndrome.

64
Q

What other substance besides bilirubin accumulates in the blood due to impaired excretion?

A

Serum bile salts become elevated.

65
Q

What toxic substance builds up in the blood due to impaired detoxification?

A

Elevated ammonia level is a key marker of impaired detoxification.

66
Q

What symptom is directly linked to ammonia buildup?

A

Persistent vomiting can occur due to high ammonia levels.

67
Q

What causes brain edema in acute liver failure?

A

Elevated ammonia, cerebral vasodilation, hyponatremia, and hypoalbuminemia can all contribute to brain edema.

68
Q

Does Reye syndrome show jaundice?

A

No, progressive jaundice is usually absent in Reye syndrome.

69
Q

What kidney malfunction can occur in severe acute liver failure?

A

Hepatorenal syndrome can lead to kidney failure.

70
Q

What are the risk factors for acute liver failure?

A

Underlying liver disease, alcohol abuse, malnutrition, pregnancy.

71
Q

What is the treatment for acute liver failure?

A

Supportive care, addressing underlying cause, liver transplantation in some cases.

72
Q

Is there a prevention method for acute liver failure?

A

Avoiding known risk factors, vaccination against relevant hepatitis viruses.

73
Q
A

pedo hepato (2 decks)

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