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Special Populations > Pediatrics Quiz > Flashcards

Pediatrics Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for birth to one month?

A

Neonate

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2
Q

What is the term for one month to one year?

A

Infancy

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3
Q

What is the term for one to three years?

A

Toddler

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4
Q

What is the term for three to five years?

A

Preschool Age

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5
Q

What is the term for five to ten years?

A

Middle childhood, school age

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6
Q

What is the term for eleven to twenty one years?

A

Late childhood, adolescent

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7
Q

Infants should lose weight in the first several days of life, but they should regain back to birth weight by _____________. Weight loss greater than ______ is abnormal.

A

10-14 days

10%

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8
Q

Average weight gain for first 3 months:

Average weight gain for 3-6 months:

A

1 ounce per day

2-3 ounces per day

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9
Q

Infants should double weight by _____, triple weight by ______, and quadruple weight by ___________

A

6 mo
1 year
2 years

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10
Q

Head circumference increases by ______ in the first year of life

A

30%

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11
Q

Head circumference should be measured from birth to _______

A

3 years

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12
Q

Age range that a child should be measured by length (lying down)

A

Birth to 2 years

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13
Q

The anterior fontanel is ________ in shape. It is formed from the junction of ______, _______, and ______ sutures. Closes around __________.

A

Diamond
Sagittal, frontal, coronal sutures
12-18 mo of age

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14
Q

The posterior fontanel is ____ in shape. It is located between the _________ and ________ bones. Closes by the __________.

A

Triangular
Occipital and 2 parietal
End of the 2nd month of life

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15
Q

Weight-for-length should be measured from:

BMI should be measured from:

A

Birth to 24 months

2 to 21 years

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16
Q

Increased weight percentile, normal height percentile

A

Dietary management

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17
Q

Increased weight percentile, decreased height percentile

A 
Think about organic causes
Hypothyroidism
Excess production of cortisol (Cushing)
Thalamic or pituitary disorders
Down syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Laurence-Moon syndrome
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18
Q

Decreased weight percentile, normal height percentile

A

Dietary management

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19
Q

Decreased weight percentile, decreased head or height percentile

A 
Organic causes
Lead intoxication
HIV infection
Failure of major organ system
Iron deficiency
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20
Q

Increased Height pathologies

A

Hyperthyroidism
Marfan syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Excess HGH

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21
Q

Decreased Height pathologies

A 
HGH deficiency
Hypothyroidism
Chronic anemia
Turner Syndrome
Failure of major organ system
Skeletal dysplasia
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22
Q

Increased head size pathologies

A

Hydrocephalus

Megaencephaly

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23
Q

Decreased head size pathologies

A 
Craniosynostosis
Prenatal insult (maternal drugs/alcohol/infection)
Chromosome defect
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24
Q

Major Categories of Development in Children

A

Motor (Gross, Fine)
Cognitive
Emotional/Social
Language

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25
Q

Cognitive Development of a Newborn Infant

A

Recognizes facial expressions as similar even on different people

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26
Q

Cognitive Development of a 2-6 month old

A

Actively looking around

Exploring environment and self (looking at hands, etc.)

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27
Q

Cognitive Development of a 6-12 month old

A

Has discovered hands, learns how to manipulate objects.
Puts everything in mouth
Object permanence

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28
Q

Emotional Development of a 2-6 month old

A

Become attached to parents and will mimic facial expressions –> first step in developing communications

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29
Q

Progression of expressive language

A 
Cooing
Babbling
Single words
Putting 2-3 words together
Telling a story
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30
Q

Hearing test done at birth

A 
BAER (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response)
also EOAE (ABR more often)
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31
Q

By 1 year of age, what are expected growth goals?

A

Triple body weight
Increase length by 2
Significant increase in brain size and complexity

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32
Q

Special Concerns for the First Year:;

A 
Feeding
Sleep patterns
Temperament
Developmental delays
Parent-Infant Interaction
Failure to thrive
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33
Q

Developmental Milestones for 1 month

A

Responds to sounds by blinking, crying, quieting, showing startle response.
Fixates on human face and follows with eyes.
Moves all extremities

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34
Q

Developmental Milestones for 2 months

A

Coos and vocalizes reciprocally
Smiles responsively
In prone position, lifts head, neck, and upper chest with support on forearms

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35
Q

Developmental Milestones for 4 months

A

Babbles and coos
Rolls over from front to back
Controls head well
Spontaneous social smile

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36
Q

Developmental Milestones for 6 months

A 
Vocalizes single consonants (baba, dada)
Sits with support
Starts to self-feed
Transfers small objects from hand to hand
Rakes in small objects
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37
Q

Developmental Milestones for 9 months

A 
Responds to own name
Can scoot on bottom
May pull to stand
Uses inferior pincer (thumb and finger)
Stranger anxiety
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38
Q

During the first 3 months of age, child increases about ______ per month. Then just under ________ per month from 4-6 months. At 7-12 months, _______ per month.

A

1 and 1/4 inches
1 inch
1/2 inch

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39
Q

Eruption of teeth starts by ________ of age - these are the ________ teeth

A

5-6 months

Deciduous teeth

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40
Q

Special concerns for 1-5 y/o

A 
Eye-hand coordination
Vocabulary
Reading Comprehension
Cognitive Delays 
Excessive Tantrums
Toileting Problems
Aggression, isolation
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41
Q

Weight gain in early childhood (1 to 5 years) is ____________

A

4-6 pounds/year

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42
Q

By age 2, the toddler has _____ temporary teeth. By 2.5 years, the toddler has _____.

A

16

20

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43
Q

Developmental milestones for 12 months:

A

Pulls to stand, cruises, may take a few steps alone
Vocal of 1-3 words in addition to mama and dada
Drinks from a cup

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44
Q

Developmental milestones for 15 months:

A 
Has vocabulary of 3-10 words
Can point to one or more body parts
Understands simple commands
Feeds self with fingers
Follows simple directions
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45
Q

Developmental milestones for 2 years:

A

Has vocabulary of at least 20 words
Uses 2 word phrases
Can follow 2-step commands

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46
Q

Developmental milestones for 3 years

A

Rides a tricycle
Copies a circle and a cross
Has self-care skills (feeding and dressing)
Shows earl imaginative behavior

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47
Q

Developmental milestones for 4 years

A

Talks about his daily activities and experiences
Builds a tower of 10 blocks
Hops, jumps on one foot

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48
Q

Weight and height gain for middle childhood (5-10 years)

A

8 pounds/year

2 inches/year

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49
Q

Permanent teeth erupt during ___________

A

School-age period, starting at 5 years old

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50
Q

Special concerns for middle childhood

A

Visual and auditory memory skills
Grades, absenteeism
Social isolation, bullying, peer pressures
Early onset of puberty (risky behaviors)

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51
Q

Developmental milestones for 5 years

A

Dresses self without help
Can count on fingers
May be able to skip

52
Q

Developmental milestones for 6-8 years

A

Rides a bike

Prints words and learns cursive writing

53
Q

Developmental milestones for 8-10 years

A

Throws ball skillfully
Participates in organized sports
Handles eating utensils skillfully

54
Q

In middle childhood, a child will have short bursts of anger by age ____ but should be able to control anger by _____

A

10 years

12 years

55
Q

Early adolescence is defined as

A

11-14 years

56
Q

Middle adolescence is defined as

A

15-17 years

57
Q

Late adolescence is defined as

A

18-21 years

58
Q

Growth spurt begins earlier in girls (_______ years) than boys (_______ years)

A

10-14 years girls

12-16 years boys

59
Q

Males will gain up to ______ pounds during adolescence, and females will gain up to ________ pounds

A

65

55

60
Q

Growth in height ceases at age ______ in females and _______ in males

A

16-17 females

18-20 males

61
Q

Fats must constitute at least ______ of caloric intake to meet growth and development demands

A

30%

62
Q

American Academy recommends exclusive breastfeeding in the first ______ of life

A

6 months

63
Q

Breast Feeding Advantages: Lowered incidence/risk of:

A 
Respiratory Infections
Otitis Media
GI Infections
SIDS
Asthma
Atopic Dermatitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Obesity
T1DM
Childhood leukemia and lymphoma
Intelligence scores and teacher ratings significantly higher
Lower rates of sepsis and NEC
Fewer hospital readmissions
Lower incidence of retinopathy of prematurity
Significantly greater scores for mental, motor, and behavior ratings
64
Q

Breast Feeding Advantages (For mom)

A

Delays return of ovulation (spacing of children)
Loss of pregnancy associated adipose tissue
Suppression of postpartum bleeding
Decreased breast and ovarian cancers rate
If lactated > 12 months, less HTN, HLD, CVD, and DM

65
Q

Contraindications to Breastfeeding

A 
Galactosemia
Certain Inborn Errors of Metabolism
HIV + mothers
Herpes on breast
Active TB (until treatment initiated)
Using illicit drugs
Taking antimetabolite chemotherapy
66
Q

Types of Infant Formula

A 
Cow-Milk Protein
Soy Protein
Hydrolyzed Protein
Free Amino Acid
Special Diagnosis (Preterm, Low mineral, Low fat)
67
Q

Cow’s Milk Formula has ____ kCal/oz, protein source is _______ and _______. Carbohydrate is ________.

A

20
Casein and Whey
Lactose

68
Q

Contraindications to Cow’s Milk Formula

A

Milk protein allergy

Galactosemia

69
Q

Preterm Infant Formulas have ______ kCal/oz. These infants need to be able to regulate their temperature, metabolic rate is higher. These concentrations have more Vitamin A and D.

A

24

70
Q

Preterm transitional formulas bridge the gap between preterm and term formulas. Contains ______ kCal/oz

A

22

71
Q

Human milk fortifiers are used in preterm infants (particularly VLBW), less than _______ grams. Matches growth and metabolic effects of preterm formulas.

A

1500 grams

72
Q

Thickened Cow’s Milk Protein are effective formulas for children with:

A

GERD

Have added rice starch to thicken

73
Q

Partially hydrolyzed cow’s milk protein are effective formulas for:

A

Gassiness, fussiness, and constipation

Protein is partially broken down into small peptides

74
Q

Indications and Contraindications for Soy Protein Formula

A

Indications: Galactosemia, vegan diet preference
CI: cow milk protein enterocolitis/enteropathy, premature infants < 1800 grams

75
Q

Which soy formula is marketed to help manage diarrhea/loose watery stools?

A

Isomil DF

76
Q

Indications for Hydrolyzed Protein Formulas

A

Cow milk protein allergy
Soy protein allergy
Galactosemia
Colic

77
Q

Exclusively breastfed infants should receive:

A

Vitamin D supplementation (400 IV/day) at birth
Fluoride at 6 months
Iron rich foods should be the first solids introduced

78
Q

If parents have severe eczema, egg allergy, or both:

A

Consider IgE or skin prick test. If negative, introduce peanut containing foods (4-6 months)

79
Q

If parents have mild to moderate eczema:

A

Introduce peanut containing foods around 6 months

80
Q

If parents have no eczema or any food allergy:

A

Introduce peanut contains foods (age appropriate)

81
Q

Gluten should be avoided before _______ and after ________. Introduction of gluten while breastfeeding may decrease the risk of ________, __________ and __________

A

Before 4 months
After 7 months
Celiac Disease, T1DM, Wheat allergy

82
Q

Juice should be limited to < ______ in 1-3 y/o, < ______ in 4-6 y/o, and < ______ in 7-18 y/o

A

< 4 oz/day
< 6 oz/day
< 8 oz/day

83
Q

Transition from formula to whole milk should be around ________. To avoid iron deficiency anemia, whole milk should be limited to ________

A

1 year

16 oz/day

84
Q

May start to see food jags around ________

A

15 months

85
Q

Most adolescents do not take in the RDAs for:

A

Calcium
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Iron

86
Q

_____ of children in the US ages 2-20 are obese. Maternal obesity during pregnancy increases risk by ________

A

17%

3-5 times

87
Q

Complications of childhood obesity

A

Discrimination, teasing
Advanced bone age, increased height, early menarche
Pseudotumor cerebri
Obstructive sleep apnea
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Insulin resistance, T2DM, hypercholesterolemia, cholelithiasis

88
Q

Pediatric undernutrition is at greatest risk from:

A

Utero to 2

89
Q

Spectrum of conditions caused by varying levels of protein and calorie deficiencies

A

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

90
Q

Inadequate calories and nutrients. Loss of muscle mass and subcutaneous fat stores.

A

Marasmus

91
Q

Clinical features of marasmus:

A

Dry skin
Thin, sparse hair
Apathetic, weak, irritable when touched
Bones hurt from being reabsorbed

92
Q

Inadequate protein intake in the presence of fair to good caloric intake

A

Kwashiorkor

93
Q

Clinical features of kwashiorkor:;

A

Hypoalbuminemia state resulting in pitting edema
Body weight is near normal (due to edema)
Normal subcutaneous adipose tissues and marked atrophy of muscle mass

94
Q

Treatment of malnutrition: start calories at _____ higher than recent intake and then increase by _______ per day

A

20%

10-20%

95
Q

Complications of malnutrition:

A

Susceptible to infection
Bradycardia and poor cardiac output (predispose to heart failure)
Permanent growth stunting
Delayed development

96
Q

Common Problems in the Well-Infant Visits

A 
Crying Infant
Infant feeding problems (formula, breastfeeding)
Temper tantrums
Sleeping problems
Eating problems in toddlers
Unwanted habits
Aggressive behavior
Fever
97
Q

Components of the sports physical

A

Safety devices, pre-season training, dehydration
Full physical exam + joint/muscle examination
Family medical history
Medical conditions - CI to play
Weight

98
Q

Anticipatory Guidance for the newborn/first week visits

A

Infant Care
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk Reduction
Breastfeeding
Prevention of Shaken Baby Syndrome

99
Q

Anticipatory Guidance for the 1-11 month old

A

Crib safety, safety seat
Childproofing the home
Introduction of solids

100
Q

Anticipatory Guidance for the 1-4 year old

A

Toilet training
Bedtime routines
Reading aloud
Brushing teeth and flossing

101
Q

Anticipatory Guidance for the 5-10 year old

A 
School readiness
Physical activity
Sexuality education
Healthy meals and snacks
Explaining that certain body parts are private
102
Q

Anticipatory Guidance for the 11-21 year old

A 
Safe driving
Substance use and abuse
Sexual activity
Violence and suicide prevention
Depression
103
Q

Strategy used in a population to identify unrecognized disease in individuals without signs or symptoms

A

Screening

104
Q

Identifies individuals with increased risk for a disease or unfavorable outcome based on answers to questions or population they are in

A

Risk Assessment

105
Q

Vision Screening Components

A 
Examination
Red reflex
Fixation
Corneal Light Reflex
Cover/Uncover
Visual acuity starting at 3
106
Q

One of the most common conditions present at birth

A

Hearing loss

107
Q

Infants that do not pass hearing screening should be referred for a formal eval no later than _______. Intervention services should start no later than ______

A

3 months

6 months

108
Q

Recommended screening of hearing:

A

Infancy
4 years
5, 6, 8, 10 years

109
Q

Risk Assessment Factors for Hearing Loss

A 
Fam history of permanent hearing loss
NICU care of more than 5 days
Recurrent infections
Craniofacial abnormalities
Chronic or recurrent OME for at least 3 months
Head trauma
Chemotherapy
110
Q

Blood pressure screening should begin at ________, and should afterward be measured at each health visit

A

3 years of age

111
Q

Autism is recommended at:

A

Per AAP:
18 and 24 months
Any time parent raises concern

112
Q

Newborn screening heel sticks are performed between:

A

24 hours and 7 days of age

113
Q

______ of children in the US live in housing with deteriorating lead paint

A

25%

114
Q

Blood lead levels as low as _____ micrograms/dL have been associated with adverse effects on cognitive development, growth, and behavior in children 5 years and younger

A

10

115
Q

Medicaid enrollees should have lead screening at:

A

Blood lead test by 12 months age
24 months
36-72 months if not tested earlier

116
Q

Refugees and Internationally adopted children should have lead screening at:

A

Upon arrival in US

Repeat in children under 6 in 3 to 6 months after permanent placement

117
Q

For non-medicaid, non-refugee children, lead screening should be done at:

A

12 and 24 months unless lead exposure can be confidently excluded

118
Q

Screening for iron-deficiency anemia should be done for:

A

All infants at 12 months
All non-pregnant females (up to 21) every 5-10 years
Anyone at risk

119
Q

Screening for TB should be done for:

A

All HIV-infected children/teens annually

All incarcerated teens annually

120
Q

Screening for dyslipidemia should be done for:

A

All teens once between 18 and 21 years old

Screen children and teens at high risk

121
Q

Teenage brain: don’t blame it on the hormones, blame it on:

A

Synaptic pruning
Gray matter thinning
Will see observable behaviors during this time

122
Q

NC Law permits minor consent for:

A

Contraceptives (inclu. emergency)
Testing/treatment of STDs/HIV
Preg testing and prenatal care
Tx for substance abuse or mental illness

123
Q

Parental consent requirement may be waived for abortion if:

A
  1. Minor is mature and well-informed enough
  2. In minor’s best interest that parents do not know/consent
  3. Victim of rape or felonious incest
124
Q

HEEADDSSS

A 
Home life
Education
Employment/Eating
Activities
Drugs (alcohol/cig)
Depression/Diet
Sexuality self image
Suicide
Safety
125
Q

Way for the adolescent to grade how you did/made them feel during their visit

A

SCAG (Structured Communication Adolescent Guide)

126
Q

Developmental Milestones for 18 mo old:

A

Walls quickly or runs stiffly
Throws a ball
Vocabulary of 15-20 words

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