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Small Animal Medicine > Pediatrics of Dogs & Cats > Flashcards

Pediatrics of Dogs & Cats Flashcards

1
Q

What are the neonatal developmental stages?

A

neonatal period (birth-2 weeks)

Transitional period (2-4 weeks)

Socialization period (4-12 weeks)

Juvenile period (12 weeks-puberty)

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2
Q

What are the three most common neonatal issues?

A

hypothermia

hypoglycemia

sepsis

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3
Q

What is the TPR of a healthy neonate?

A

< 4 weeks of age

T= 96-97 F

P= >220 bpm

R= 15-35 bpm (regular rhythm*)

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4
Q

By two weeks of age, how much should the neonates weight be? What is the typical weight gain rates?

A

2x the weight at birth

Dogs: 2-4 g/d/kg of adult weight

Kitten: (~100 g) gain 10-15 g/day

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5
Q

What measure can be used to predict survival in neonates?

A

weight gain

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6
Q

What measures can be used to assess dehydration in neonates? Which measures cannot be used and why?

A

MM dryness, USG when they age

Skin turgor (neonates 75% water, non-cornified skin, can’t concentrate urine)

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7
Q

When do eyelids open?

A

10-14 days

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8
Q

When is the menace reflex and vision intact?

A

Menace reflex- 3 weeks

normal vision- 3-4 weeks

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9
Q

When do the ear canals open?

A

14 days

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10
Q

When do the teeth erupt?

A

3-4 weeks

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11
Q

Compared to an adult, are the BP, SV, CO, CVP, PVR higher or lower?

A

Low: BP, SV, PVR

High: CO, CVP

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12
Q

Auscultating a sinus arrhythmia is abnormal in neonates until what age?

A

6 weeks

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13
Q

You auscultate a soft murmur at the left cardiac heart base in a neonate. Is this normal?

A

Yes- functional murmur until >3 mo than want to assess as abnormal

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14
Q

When do kittens/pups develop postural rxns (non-visual placing, visual placing, walking)?

A

non-visual placing: 2-3 days

visual placing: 2-3 weeks

walking: 3-4 weeks to 6 wks

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15
Q

How long is the suckling reflex & anogenital reflex ( make them pee/poop w/ stimulation of anal region) intact?

A

birth - 3-4 wks

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16
Q

By what age do nursed pups/kittens have an adequate response to vaccination? What about non-nursed pups/kittens?

A

Nursed: 10-16 weeks

Non-nursed: 2-8 weeks

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17
Q

How long are the reference values for neonates different than adults?

A

first 4 months

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18
Q

When taking radiographs on a neonate, what parts of the technique need to be modified?

A

decr. kvp to 1/2 adult at same thickness

high detail intensifying screens

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19
Q

When should solid food first be provided to neonates?

When should the neonates be weaned?

A

3 weeks

6-8 weeks

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20
Q

What is the most common problem affecting neonates?

A

husbandry aka poor nutrition, hypothermia

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21
Q

When rearing orphan pups/kittens, what should the temperature be at for the first week? For the next 3 weeks?

A

1st week: 86-90F

Next 3 weeks: gradually decrease to 75F

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22
Q

How often should orphans be fed?

A

3-4 times daily

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23
Q

What are the complications associated with feeding orphans?

A

malnutrition

diarrhea

dehydration

hypothermia

hypothermia

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24
Q

What is the max time that formula can be stored?

A

48 hrs

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25
Q

What type of bacteria is often the cause of neonatal sepsis?

A

gram negative bacteria

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26
Q

If a 3 day old kitten presents for sepsis, which of these routes did it NOT likely acquire the infection?

GI or peritoneal

Respiratory

UTI

skins or wound

A

UTI (more common around 3-4 weeks)

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27
Q

What are the management principles for a septic neonate?

A

keep warm

Fluids

Abx (b-lactam antimicrobial agents)

O2

Glucose

monitor (check weight 2-3 times daily)

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28
Q

Common causes of fading syndrome?

A

trauma

neonatal isoerythrolysis

Infectious (bacterial, viral)

Misc (fungal, parasites, fatty liver syndrome)

29
Q

How often should kittens/pups be weighed after birth?

A

at 12 hours

Then q 24 hrs for the first two weeks

30
Q

What is the difference in weight expected for nursing puppies vs. puppies fed formula?

A

nursing: double weight in 10 days
formula: double weight in 14 days

31
Q

When are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?

A

14 weeks-6 months

32
Q

During what age should a full orthopedic exam in large breed puppies be performed?

A

2-6 months

33
Q

You auscultate a murmur (Grade V/VI) with a precordial thrill and an abnormal arterial/venous pulse. What is the likely cause of this murmur?

A

congenital dz

34
Q

By what time should the testicles be descended in a puppy/kitten?

A

4-8 weeks of age

35
Q

When can an animal be diagnosed at a cryptorchid?

A

>16 weeks of age

36
Q

By what time will kittens vs. puppies stand and then walk?

A

Stand: kitten=10d, puppy=14d

Walk: by day 21

37
Q

Puppies/kittens cannot regulate their blood pressure until what age?

A

2 weeks of age

38
Q

If the cross extensor reflex extends beyond 1-2 weeks of age, what does this indicate?

A

upper motor neuron disease

39
Q

If the neonate is healthy, it should not be brought into the vet clinic until what age? What should be assessed at that first visit?

A

6 weeks

parasite load, HW prevention started, vaccinations started

40
Q

Why does sepsis often result in a rapid neutropenia in neonates?

A

poor marrow reserves

41
Q

What chemistry values of often elevated in neonates?

A

ALP, P

BUN high end of normal for first 7 days

42
Q

What is the BAER test used for? At what age do we test?

A

Brainstem auditory evoked response

Used to test hearing

>6wks & negative= congenital deafness

43
Q

What is the difference between the ERG & VER? When do we use these tests (what age)?

A

ERG= electroretinography, 5-10 weeks

VER= visual evokes response, 6-10 wks

44
Q

During the growth stage after weaning, how often should pups/kits be fed?

A

3 times/day or free feed

45
Q

What laboratory findings are commonly seen with neonatal sepsis?

A

normochromic, normocytic anemia

TCP

mild-mod neutrophilia w/ L-shift

+/- hypoglycemia

46
Q

When administering abx to a septic neonate, how much should the dose be decreased by compared to the adult dosage?

A

30-50%

47
Q

When do you want to supplement for K?

A

when serum K <2.5 mEq/L

48
Q

What blood type is the queen and kitten usually with neonatal isoerythrolysis?

A

Queen: Type B

Kittens: Type A

Anti-A Ab attack kittens RBC

49
Q

A kitten has no other abnormal signs besides tail-tip necrosis. What could be the possible cause?

A

neonatal isoerythrolysis

50
Q

What viruses are associated with neonatal sepsis?

A

parvovirus

coronavirus

herpesvirus

adenovirus

calicivirus

retrovirus

morbillivirus

51
Q

When do most pups die in the early neonatal period?

A

9th-14th day of life

52
Q

In breeding establishments, what is usually the best way to determine the DX for fading pup/kitten syndrome?

A

necropsy

53
Q

If a dog has a single PSS vs. many, what is the more likely cause (congenital or acquired)?

A

congenital - single PSS

acquires- many

54
Q

When do dogs with PSS typically show signs?

A

6-8 weeks

55
Q

A puppy presents with V/D, small stature, PD/PP, hypersalivation. Likely DDX?

A

PSS

56
Q

In which breeds of kittens is PSS common?

A

Himalayans

Persian

Mix-breed cats

57
Q

What is the difference in clinical signs exhibited by pups vs. kits with PSS?

A

pups- systemic signs (V/D, PD, PP)

Kits- hypersalivation & CNS signs (ataxia, tremors)

Common- small stature, thin, unkempt

58
Q

What is the most reliable test for PSS?

A

bile acids (pre/post fasting)

59
Q

How to medical manage PSS?

A

restricted protein diet

food contianing milk protein

small meals (decrease undigested food fermented by bacteria and produce ammonia)

manipulate intestinal flora (lactulose, neomycin/metro)

60
Q

In which breed is congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia possibly inherited?

A

Cairn terriers

61
Q

An older puppy presents with elevated bile acids, but no other imaging abnormality. Likely DDX?

A

congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia

62
Q

Which infectious causes are associated with pancreatic disease?

A

CN parvo

effusive form of FIP in cats

63
Q

In which breeds is renal dysplasia a familial disorder?

A

Lhasa apso

Shih Tzu

Soft-coated wheaten terrier

Standard poodle

64
Q

Which virus in CN and FE is associated with renal dysplasia?

A

CN= herpesvirus

FE= panleukopenia virus

65
Q

A 2 yr old terrier presents with soft pliable mandibles. Top DDX?

A

CRF possibly d/t renal dysplasia

66
Q

What are the primary lesions suggesting renal dysplasia?

A
  1. fetal/immature glomeruli/tubules
  2. persistent mesenchyme
  3. persistent metanephric ducts
  4. atypical tubular epithelium
  5. dysontogenic metaplasia
67
Q

What is the hallmark sign of glomerular disease?

A

proteinuria

68
Q

What are the cardinal signs of DI?

A

excessive thirst (>100 ml/kg/d)

voiding excessive urine (>50 ml/kg/d)

69
Q
A

Small Animal Medicine (7 decks)

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