Pediatrics of Dogs & Cats Flashcards
What are the neonatal developmental stages?
neonatal period (birth-2 weeks)
Transitional period (2-4 weeks)
Socialization period (4-12 weeks)
Juvenile period (12 weeks-puberty)
What are the three most common neonatal issues?
hypothermia
hypoglycemia
sepsis
What is the TPR of a healthy neonate?
< 4 weeks of age
T= 96-97 F
P= >220 bpm
R= 15-35 bpm (regular rhythm*)
By two weeks of age, how much should the neonates weight be? What is the typical weight gain rates?
2x the weight at birth
Dogs: 2-4 g/d/kg of adult weight
Kitten: (~100 g) gain 10-15 g/day
What measure can be used to predict survival in neonates?
weight gain
What measures can be used to assess dehydration in neonates? Which measures cannot be used and why?
MM dryness, USG when they age
Skin turgor (neonates 75% water, non-cornified skin, can’t concentrate urine)
When do eyelids open?
10-14 days
When is the menace reflex and vision intact?
Menace reflex- 3 weeks
normal vision- 3-4 weeks
When do the ear canals open?
14 days
When do the teeth erupt?
3-4 weeks
Compared to an adult, are the BP, SV, CO, CVP, PVR higher or lower?
Low: BP, SV, PVR
High: CO, CVP
Auscultating a sinus arrhythmia is abnormal in neonates until what age?
6 weeks
You auscultate a soft murmur at the left cardiac heart base in a neonate. Is this normal?
Yes- functional murmur until >3 mo than want to assess as abnormal
When do kittens/pups develop postural rxns (non-visual placing, visual placing, walking)?
non-visual placing: 2-3 days
visual placing: 2-3 weeks
walking: 3-4 weeks to 6 wks
How long is the suckling reflex & anogenital reflex ( make them pee/poop w/ stimulation of anal region) intact?
birth - 3-4 wks
By what age do nursed pups/kittens have an adequate response to vaccination? What about non-nursed pups/kittens?
Nursed: 10-16 weeks
Non-nursed: 2-8 weeks
How long are the reference values for neonates different than adults?
first 4 months
When taking radiographs on a neonate, what parts of the technique need to be modified?
decr. kvp to 1/2 adult at same thickness
high detail intensifying screens
When should solid food first be provided to neonates?
When should the neonates be weaned?
3 weeks
6-8 weeks
What is the most common problem affecting neonates?
husbandry aka poor nutrition, hypothermia
When rearing orphan pups/kittens, what should the temperature be at for the first week? For the next 3 weeks?
1st week: 86-90F
Next 3 weeks: gradually decrease to 75F
How often should orphans be fed?
3-4 times daily
What are the complications associated with feeding orphans?
malnutrition
diarrhea
dehydration
hypothermia
hypothermia
What is the max time that formula can be stored?
48 hrs
What type of bacteria is often the cause of neonatal sepsis?
gram negative bacteria
If a 3 day old kitten presents for sepsis, which of these routes did it NOT likely acquire the infection?
GI or peritoneal
Respiratory
UTI
skins or wound
UTI (more common around 3-4 weeks)
What are the management principles for a septic neonate?
keep warm
Fluids
Abx (b-lactam antimicrobial agents)
O2
Glucose
monitor (check weight 2-3 times daily)
Common causes of fading syndrome?
trauma
neonatal isoerythrolysis
Infectious (bacterial, viral)
Misc (fungal, parasites, fatty liver syndrome)
How often should kittens/pups be weighed after birth?
at 12 hours
Then q 24 hrs for the first two weeks
What is the difference in weight expected for nursing puppies vs. puppies fed formula?
nursing: double weight in 10 days
formula: double weight in 14 days
When are deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth?
14 weeks-6 months
During what age should a full orthopedic exam in large breed puppies be performed?
2-6 months
You auscultate a murmur (Grade V/VI) with a precordial thrill and an abnormal arterial/venous pulse. What is the likely cause of this murmur?
congenital dz
By what time should the testicles be descended in a puppy/kitten?
4-8 weeks of age
When can an animal be diagnosed at a cryptorchid?
>16 weeks of age
By what time will kittens vs. puppies stand and then walk?
Stand: kitten=10d, puppy=14d
Walk: by day 21
Puppies/kittens cannot regulate their blood pressure until what age?
2 weeks of age
If the cross extensor reflex extends beyond 1-2 weeks of age, what does this indicate?
upper motor neuron disease
If the neonate is healthy, it should not be brought into the vet clinic until what age? What should be assessed at that first visit?
6 weeks
parasite load, HW prevention started, vaccinations started
Why does sepsis often result in a rapid neutropenia in neonates?
poor marrow reserves
What chemistry values of often elevated in neonates?
ALP, P
BUN high end of normal for first 7 days
What is the BAER test used for? At what age do we test?
Brainstem auditory evoked response
Used to test hearing
>6wks & negative= congenital deafness
What is the difference between the ERG & VER? When do we use these tests (what age)?
ERG= electroretinography, 5-10 weeks
VER= visual evokes response, 6-10 wks
During the growth stage after weaning, how often should pups/kits be fed?
3 times/day or free feed
What laboratory findings are commonly seen with neonatal sepsis?
normochromic, normocytic anemia
TCP
mild-mod neutrophilia w/ L-shift
+/- hypoglycemia
When administering abx to a septic neonate, how much should the dose be decreased by compared to the adult dosage?
30-50%
When do you want to supplement for K?
when serum K <2.5 mEq/L
What blood type is the queen and kitten usually with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Queen: Type B
Kittens: Type A
Anti-A Ab attack kittens RBC
A kitten has no other abnormal signs besides tail-tip necrosis. What could be the possible cause?
neonatal isoerythrolysis
What viruses are associated with neonatal sepsis?
parvovirus
coronavirus
herpesvirus
adenovirus
calicivirus
retrovirus
morbillivirus
When do most pups die in the early neonatal period?
9th-14th day of life
In breeding establishments, what is usually the best way to determine the DX for fading pup/kitten syndrome?
necropsy
If a dog has a single PSS vs. many, what is the more likely cause (congenital or acquired)?
congenital - single PSS
acquires- many
When do dogs with PSS typically show signs?
6-8 weeks
A puppy presents with V/D, small stature, PD/PP, hypersalivation. Likely DDX?
PSS
In which breeds of kittens is PSS common?
Himalayans
Persian
Mix-breed cats
What is the difference in clinical signs exhibited by pups vs. kits with PSS?
pups- systemic signs (V/D, PD, PP)
Kits- hypersalivation & CNS signs (ataxia, tremors)
Common- small stature, thin, unkempt
What is the most reliable test for PSS?
bile acids (pre/post fasting)
How to medical manage PSS?
restricted protein diet
food contianing milk protein
small meals (decrease undigested food fermented by bacteria and produce ammonia)
manipulate intestinal flora (lactulose, neomycin/metro)
In which breed is congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia possibly inherited?
Cairn terriers
An older puppy presents with elevated bile acids, but no other imaging abnormality. Likely DDX?
congenital hepatoportal microvascular dysplasia
Which infectious causes are associated with pancreatic disease?
CN parvo
effusive form of FIP in cats
In which breeds is renal dysplasia a familial disorder?
Lhasa apso
Shih Tzu
Soft-coated wheaten terrier
Standard poodle
Which virus in CN and FE is associated with renal dysplasia?
CN= herpesvirus
FE= panleukopenia virus
A 2 yr old terrier presents with soft pliable mandibles. Top DDX?
CRF possibly d/t renal dysplasia
What are the primary lesions suggesting renal dysplasia?
- fetal/immature glomeruli/tubules
- persistent mesenchyme
- persistent metanephric ducts
- atypical tubular epithelium
- dysontogenic metaplasia
What is the hallmark sign of glomerular disease?
proteinuria
What are the cardinal signs of DI?
excessive thirst (>100 ml/kg/d)
voiding excessive urine (>50 ml/kg/d)
