Pediatrics Flashcards
1
Q
Age Groups
A
- Infant (0-12 months): communication limited to crying; at 6-12 months they can babble; separation anxiety
- Toddler (12-36 months): separation anxiety; rapid improvement of speech; injuries become more frequent
- Preschoolers (3-6 years): imaginative; take things literally
- Grade Schoolers (6-12 years): can answer questions, so ask them
- Adolescents (12-18 years): puberty; lots of emotional and personality development
2
Q
Respiratory System Differences: AIRWAY
A
AIRWAY
- proportionally larger tongue
- larger occiput (back of the head); consider putting towel behind shoulder for CPR
- funnel shaped airway (higher risk of FBAO)
3
Q
Respiratory System Differences: LUNGS
A
LUNGS
- smaller lungs means less reserve capacity (increased risk of hypoxia)
4
Q
Respiratory System Differences: BREATHING
A
BREATHING
- lots of use of accessory muscles, like the abdomen
5
Q
Respiratory Rates for Pediatrics
A
- Age - breaths/min
- infant - 30 to 60
- toddler - 24 to 40
- preschooler - 22 to 34
- school-age child - 18 to 30
- adolescent - 12 to 16
6
Q
Circulatory System
A
- shock: peds can compensate a bit better than adults, however they fall into irreversible shock quickly w/o experiencing decompensated phase
7
Q
Pulse Rates for Pediatrics
A
- Age - beats/min
- Infant - 100-180
- Toddler - 80-110
- Preschooler - 70-110
- Gradeschooler - 65-110
- Adolescent - 60-100
8
Q
Gastrointestinal System
A
- very young children have small stomach capacity, thus they eat so often
- also have faster metabolic rate so they burn though chemical energy source faster than us
9
Q
Infants Max Stomach Capacity
A
- one day = 0.5 Tbs
- three days = 0.75-1 oz
- one week = 1.5-2 oz
- one month = 2.5-5 oz
10
Q
Musculoskeletal System
A
- lots of room for growth
- peds have softer bones than adults
- growth plates at ends of bones to allow them to grow as they age
- growth plates are weaker than tendons and ligaments, so stress fractures are likely
- immobilize extremities
- fontanelles = soft spot on skull that help with passage of head through birth canal
- anterior closes by 18 mo; posterior closes by 6 mo.; sunken = dehydration; bulging = intracranial pressure
11
Q
Extra Things about peds
A
- lower blood volume
- larger surface area to volume ratio and thinner skin and less subcutaneous fat so they don’t thermoregulate as well
- weaker immune systems (vaccinate)
12
Q
Pediatric Assessment Triangle: Overview
A
- used to quickly identify patients physical problem and level of urgency needed
- a “first glance” assessment
- appearance, work of breathing, circulation
13
Q
Pediatric Assessment Triangle: Appearance
A
- TICLS
- Tone: examine muscle tone; are they limp? do they have good muscle tone? do they vigorously resist examination?
- Interactivity: observe how the patient interacts with others; How alert is he/she? Is he/she playing? Do they seem uninterested in everything?
- Consolability: can they be comforted by the parents?
- Look/Gaze: watch where the child looks; do they look at you? Their parents? Do they have a glassy eyed stare?
- Speech/cry: listen for whether they speak or cry; is it strong and spontaneous? Is it weak?
14
Q
Pediatric Assessment Triangle: Work of Breathing
A
- looking for notable signs of dyspnea
- head bobbing: head tilts back during inhalation, comes forward on exhalation
- nasal flaring: nares widen during inhalation
- tachypnea: increased resp. rate
- tripod position
- adventitious breath sounds: stridor, rales, wheezing
- muscle retractions
15
Q
Pediatric Assessment Triangle: Circulation
A
- what you can immediately see on your patient
- mottling, cyanosis, pallor
- check capillary refill (2 sec is a good sign)
