Pediatrics Flashcards
What are the two reasons you should vaccinate?
1) Individual Immunity: long-term protection
2) Herd Immunity: Provides community with protection.
Is the threshold of herd immunity different for different diseases?
Yes! For example measles needs 85-90% of the population need to be vaccinated.
How many different types of vaccines are there?
Four
1) Inactivated/Toxoids
2) Conjugated
3) Live Attenuated
4) Inactivated/Killed
What are Inactivated/toxoid vaccines?
Includes the “parts” that best stimulate immune response?
What are examples of inactivated/toxoid vaccines?
Tetanus, diphtheria
What are conjugated vaccines?
- Pathogens are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule
- Immunogenic: Will trigger immune response (T-cell dependent)
- Immune Response strengthened when pathogen is conjugated with carrier protein?
What are examples of conjugated vaccines?
- Meningococcal
- Pneumococcal
- Haemophilus Influenzae B
- Hepatitis B
- Influenza (injection)
- HPV
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
What are live attenuated vaccines?
- Stronger mucosal immunity develops
- Not for those who are immunocompromised
What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
- Varicella
- Rotavirus
- Influenza (nasal spray)
- Zoster (shingles) for adult
How often do you need the influenza vaccine?
Over 9 y/o: Every year
6 mo - 9: 2 doses separated by 28 days
What is found in the influenza vaccine?
It is a quadrivalent: Two As and two Bs
Who should not get the influenza vaccine?
The young, the old, the ill
How many meningococcal vaccines are there?
2 - they protect against strains A/C/Y and W-135
What age group is mostly affected by meningococcal strains A/C/Y and W-135?
Children over age 11
When should you get meningococcal vaccines?
First dose: Age 11-12
Second Dose: Age 16-18
When should you get meningococcal vaccine that targets serogroup B? Who does that strain mostly affect?
- Mostly affects young adults ages 11-25
- It is the meningitis you hear college kids getting
- Vaccine recommended at age 16
What does strep pneumoniae cause?
- Respiratory Tract Disease (pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis)
- Bacteremia
- Meningitis
*Mostly found in kids
What does Haemophilus Influenzae Type B cause?
- Bacteremia
- Meningitis
- Cellulitis
- Epiglottitis
What is Haemophilus Influenzae Type B antigen conjugated with?
Tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier protein
- 3-4 doses
- 12-15 m.o, age 2, 4, (6)
What does Hepatitis B cause?
- Acute and chronic liver disease
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Death
When are vaccines started for Hepatitis B?
3 series: Birth, 1-2 mo, 6 months
How many vaccines are there for Hepatitis A?
2: 12 months, 18-30 months
What does Diphtheria cause?
- Acute membranous pharyngitis
- Can cause respiratory obstruction
What does Pertussis cause?
- Whooping Cough: “100 day cough”
- Pneumonia
- Apnea,
- Seizures
- Encephalopathy
- High mortality for infants
What does Tetanus cause?
- Severe muscle spams provoked by neurotoxins
- Can progress to respiratory failure
When should you get the series of vaccines for Diphtheria, Pertussis, and tetanus?
2 mo, 4 mo, 6 mo, 15-18 mo, 4-6 years
How often should you get Td booster?
Every 10 years
When do you get polio vaccines?
2, 4, 6-18 mo, 4-6 years
What can HPV cause?
- Genital warts and cancers
- Anal, head and neck cancers
- lyryngeal papillomatosis (rare)
What are the common vaccines given for HPV?
- Type 16 and 18 are most common (protection for cervical cancers
- 40 types of HPV
When should you get the HPV vaccine?
Ages 11-2
What does Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Varicella cause?
- Varicella infection (chickenpox)
- Varicella meningoencephalitis
- Secondary complications of cellulitis and pneumonia
When should you give MMR and varicella vaccines?
2 doses: 12 mo, 4-6 years
What does rotavirus vaccine prevent?
Prevents acute diarrheal disease in healthy infants
When should you give rotavirus vaccines?
2 or 3 doses: 2, 4, (6) months
How effective are vaccines?
SUPER EFFECTIVE! VACCINATE YOUR GOD DAMN KIDS! THEY WILL NOT GET AUTISM!
