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Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Kawasaki’s Disease

A 
Conjunctivitis (non purulent)
Rash (mobiliform rash)
Edema/erythematous limbs
Adenopathy (unilateral cervical)
Mucosal (strawberry tongue, desquamation)
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2
Q

Reporting otoscopy results

A 
Color (red)
Opacity
Mobility (nonmobile)
Position (bulging)
The extras
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3
Q

Cardiomegaly

A 
Alveolar edema
B kurley B
C cardiomegaly
D dilated upper lobe vessels 
E effusion
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4
Q

Club foot

A

ADMIT IT IS CTEV

ADduction at MidTarsal joint, Internal Tibial torsion, Inversion Subtalar, Cavus and
Equinus deformities

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5
Q

Indications for Acute Dialysis

A

Indications for Acute Dialysis:

“AEIOU”-“A”- intractable acidosis; “E”- electrolyte disarray ( K+, Na+, Ca++); “I” - intoxicants (methanol ethylene glycol, Li, ASA); “O”- intractable fluid overload; “U”- uremic symptoms (nausea, seizure, pericarditis, bleeding). Dialyze early. Keep BUN < 100 mg/dl, Creat < 10 mg/dl.

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6
Q

Symptoms of UTI

A 
FUDACLE
frequency
Urgency
Dysuria
Abdo pain
Cloudy urine
Loin pain
Eneuresis
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7
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

P - abnormal Posture: fisting with adducted thumbs, hyperextension and adduction (scissoring) of lower extremities, and hyperextension of trunk (arching).

O - poor Oral-motor coordination: poor sucking-swallow coordination, poor lip closure on the nipple, difficulty handling textured foods, or excessive drooling. Older kids may have trouble with drooling, chewing or articulation.

S - Strabismus: commonly associated with CP.

T - abnormal muscle Tone: increased resistance to passive movement of the extremities and decreased axial tone.

E - delayed integration of primitive reflexes, delayed Evolution of automatic responses: persistent palmar grasp, Moro, asymmetric tonic neck reflexes. Poor equilibrium, delayed protective response.

R - deep tendon Reflexes: brisk, with clonus.

Infants with 4 or more of these findings are likely to receive the diagnosis of CP later in childhood.

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8
Q

Types of hypersensitivity

A 
ACID
Type I: Anaphylaxis/allergy
Type II: cytotoxic
Type III: immune complex mediated
Type IV: delayed (cell-mediated)
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9
Q

Weight, head and height changes at the end of first year

A

6 kg, 12 cm, 24 cm height

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10
Q

Weight and head circumference at the end of 2nd year

A

2nd year 2 kg 2cm

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11
Q

Weight and Height doubles at

A

Weight (4 months) and Height (4 years)

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12
Q

Language development

A

15 words at 1.5 years (18 mth)
20 words at 20 months
3 numbers at 3 years

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13
Q

7S’s of innocent murmurs

A 
Short
Soft
Systolic
S1 S2 normal 
Standing and sitting varies
Symptomless
Special tests normal
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14
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
RVH
Overriding aorta
VSD

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15
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Fibroma (2+) after puberty
Iris -lisch nodules- late childhood
B-bone lesions/thinning of Long bone cortex -infancy
R-relative 1st degree with NF1
O-optic glioma-below 7yo. Or anywhere with nerves will get tumors
Macules cafe aunlait (6+ at least 1cm) infancy
Axillary/inguinal freckling

Cafe au lait
Axillary freckling
Fibromas
Eye- Lisch nodules
Skeletal bowing
Pseudoarthritis of tibia
Optic Tumor

NF2 hearing difficult
Diagnosis is 2+ fibroma

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16
Q

3 P’s of pyloric stenosis

A

Pyloric stenosis is 3 P’s:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)

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17
Q

Location of duodenal atresia/pyloric stenosis

A

Duodenal atresia -distal to ampulla

Pyloric stenosis-proximal

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18
Q

Excess vitamin AEK

A

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

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19
Q

Lesch Nyhan Syndrome

A

LESCH

L: lips and fingers bitten
E: excessive uric acid production
S: self mutilation
C: Choreoatheosis
H: HGPRT deficiency (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transferase)
\+ Mental retardation

NYHAN sounds like a man
- affects boys, X-linked recessive

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20
Q

McCune Albright syndrome

A

Mc - Menarche Comes early (Precocious puberty)
Cu - Cafe au lait spots
Ne - iNcrease in Estrogen
Al - Aromatase inihibitor (Preferred treatment)
Br - Bones gone wrong (Polyostotic fibrous Dysplasia)
Ig - Independent of GnRH
Ht - Height is decreased (Because estrogen causes early closure of epiphyses)

Suspected when 2/3 of:

  • Endocrine hyperfunction such as precocious puberty
  • Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
  • Unilateral Café-au-lait spots
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21
Q

Pierre Robin Sequence

  • One of the most common causes of isolated cleft palate in the newborn
  • chrom 2, 11, 17
A

PRS

P- Cleft Palate only
R- Retrognathia (abnormal posterior position of jaw and maxilla)
S- Support to the lingual muscles is lost (Glossoptosis)

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22
Q

Potter Syndrome (Oligohydramnios)

A

POTTER

P- Pulmonary hypoplasia
O- Oligohydramnios
T- Twisted face (Potter facies)
T- Twisted skin (wrinkly skin)
E- Extremity (limb) defects
R- Renal agenesis (bilateral)
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23
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

OSTEOGEN

O - Over extensible joints
S - Sclera is blue
T - Triangular facies
E - Ear - Presenile hearing loss
O - Opalescent teeth
G - Growth retardation
E - Easy bruising
N - Genetic testing for COLA1 or COLA2 genes (Defect in collagen type 1)
24
Q

Fanconis anemia

  • age 5
  • chromosomal breakage anomalies
  • AR
A

FANCONIs

Facial anomalies (microcephaly, small eyes, absent ears)
Absent thumb, upper limb Abnormalities
n/c - looks like horseshoe kidney
O - macrocytic anemia
N - no cells (pancytopenia)
I - intellectual disability
s - short, skin abnormalities (hypo/hyperpigmentation, vitiligo, cafe au lait)

25
Noonan syndrome (Chrom 12, AD)
chromosome 12 -> sun dominant at 12 NOON -> Autosomal dominant --> so must look down in NOONan syndrome = low set ears, downslanding eyes, Low posterior hair line, low IGF-1, short stature SUN BURNS at NOON S - Short stature U - Unusual facies (Ocular hypertelorism, low set ears) N - Neck is webbed ``` B - Bleeding disorders U - Unusual chest shape (sunken- chest appearance) R - RAS MAPK mutation N - Nose is flat S - Stenosis (Pulmonic stenosis) ```
26
Edward syndrome
EDWARDS E: Elongated skull (Occipital prominence, Microcephaly, High forehead) D: Digital overlapping (Clubfoot, clenched fist, Overlapping fingers, Hypoplastic nails) W: VSD A: Apnea (cause of death) R: Rocker bottom feet (Persian slipper, congenital vertical talus) D: Dysplastic ears I: Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) I: Intellectual disability
27
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
``` Langerhans lingers L - Lytic lesion of bones (bony prominence) I - Diabetes Insipidus N - Nil G - Granulomas (Eosinophilic) E - Exophthalmos R - Rrrrr.... :P S - Skin rash ```
28
DuodenalAtresia
3D's Duodenal Atresia Double bubble Downs Syndrome Bilious vomiting -> because vomiting, no abdo distension (after Ampulla of Vater)
29
Scarlet Fever | - GAS
SCARLET S - Sore throat, Strawberry Tongue, Sandpaper rash C - Circumoral pallor A - Antecubital fossa petechiae - pastia lines R - Rash (sandpaper) L - Lymphadenopathy E - erythrogenic toxin (GAS) T - Tongue (strawberry)
30
Cleft lip vs cleft palaate
LMN Cleft Lip - failure of fusion of Maxillary and median Nasal prominences! PPP Cleft Palate - failure of fusion of two Palatine Processes!
31
Beckwith-wiedemann Syndrome
"Becky is big." Beckwith-wiedemann syndrome mnemonic "Big body" Macrosomia "Big tongue" Macroglossia "Big abdomen" Omphalocele "Big pancreas" Hyperinsulinemia -> Hypoglycemia "Big organs" Visceromegaly "Likes to get bigger" Associated with Wilms tumor, gonadoblastoma and neuroblastoma
32
Rash that comes after fever, 1-7 days
``` Very - Varicella (Day 1) Sick - Scarlet (Day 2) Child - Chicken pox (Day 3) Must - Measles (Day 4) Take - Typhus (Day 5) Double - Dengue (Day 6) Tablets - Typhoid (Day 7) ```
33
Cystic Fibrosis
CF PANCREAS: Chronic cough and wheezing Failure to thrive Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea) Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration Neonatal IO (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps Clubbing/ CXR changes Rectal prolapse Electrolyte ++ in sweat, salty skin Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)
34
Croup
Hoarse cry Inspiratory stridor Barking cough
35
Head circumference with age
``` Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5: Newborn 35 cm 3 mos 40 cm 9 mos 45 cm 3 yrs 50 cm 9 yrs 55 cm ```
36
Cystic Fibrosis
CF PANCREAS: Chronic cough and wheezing Failure to thrive Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea) Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration Neonatal IO (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps Clubbing/ CXR changes Rectal prolapse Electrolyte ++ in sweat, salty skin Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)
37
Croup
Hoarse cry Inspiratory stridor Barking cough
38
Head circumference with age
``` Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5: Newborn 35 cm 3 mos 40 cm 9 mos 45 cm 3 yrs 50 cm 9 yrs 55 cm ```
39
HUS
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components "Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients": Renal failure Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic) Thrombocytopenia Encephalopathy (TTP) ``` Hemolytic = anemic Uremic = renal failure Syndrome = complications of thrombocytopenia and encephalopathy ```
40
Vitamin toxicity of AKE
Vitamin toxicities: neonatal Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic) Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis) Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)
41
Side effects of steroids
Cushiongoid Osteoporosis Growth failure DM HTN Infection Skin thinning Thin limbs Immunosuppression- inhibit T cell and B cell production of antibodies, inhibit IL-2 and more cytokines function, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, also inhibit FC on macrophages -less opsonization
42
Chronic kidney dieseaee complications
``` Anemia Bone Cardiovascular Diet, vit D Electrolytes Fluid overload (RAAS, hypoalbuminemia) GI disturbances Hypertension, hyperlipidemia Infections (strep pneumonia hypogammaglobhnemia) ```
43
Indications for dialysis
AEIOU ``` Acidosis Electrolyte imbalance Intoxication Overload Uremia ```
44
Pneumatosis intestinalis (mnemonic)
CHIPS COPD Ischemia Pneumatosis intestinalis Scleroderma, steroids
45
Down syndrome
Hearing Hypothyroid Heari
46
Sturge Weber Syndrome
STURGE ``` Stain-port wine. Sporadic Tram track calcification, leptinomeningeal calcifications Unilateral port wine stain Retardation Glaucoma Epilepsy ```
46
Tuberous sclerosis
HAMARTOMA ``` Hamartoma Adenoma sebaceum Mitral regurgitation Ash-leaf spots Rhabdomyoma (Tuberous sclerosis) dOminant inheritance Mental retardation Angiomyolipoma (of kidney) ``` ``` "MRS. Tuber HEAD" is your mnemonic! M: Mitral Regurgitation Mental Retardation R: Rhabdomyoma S: Subependymal nodules Shagreen patches Tuber: Tuberous sclerosis H: Hamartoma E: Ependymoma A: Ash leaf lesions Angiofibroma Angiomyolipoma Adenoma sebaceum Astrocytoma D: Depigmented nevi Dominant (Autosomal Dominant) ```
47
5 Ts of cyanotic heart disease
1. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) 2. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) 3. Truncus Arteriosus 4. Tricuspid Atresia 5. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)
48
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
First number = HTN 2nd number = virilization. If 1, elevated 21 hydroxylase- Low bp, Low cortisol, high virilization 17 hydroxylase- high HP, Low cortisol, Low virilizarion 11- high bp, Low cortisol, high virilizarion 0-3- all low
49
Abdominal tumor and age of presentation
1- hepatoblastoma 2- Neuroblastoma 3- Wilms tumor Turn number sideways
50
Risk factors of DDH
4Fs Female, first (newborn), family history, feet first (breech) In the first 4 months need ultrasound to confirm findings Ortolani goes Out, Barlow pushes Back (dislocate)
51
Reversible causes of ACLS (4H 4T)
``` Hypoxia Hypovolemia Hypo/hyperkalemia/metabolic Hypothermia Tension pneumothorax Toxin Tamponade -cardiac Thromboembolism ```
52
Stop bang OSA
Snoring Tired Observed apnea Pressure-BP Treatment BMI >35 Age >50 Neck >40 Gender male In kids, bedwetting, tiredness, snoring, respi symptoms at night or morning
53
Complications of CLD
Signs of chronic liver disease (ABCDEFGHIJ) ``` Asterixis, Ascites, Ankle oedema, Atrophy of testicles Bruising Clubbing/ Colour change of nails (leuconychia) Dupuytren’s contracture Encephalopathy / palmar Erythema Foetor hepaticus Gynaecomastia Hepatomegaly Increase size of parotids Jaundice ```
54
PHACES
``` Posterior fossa malformation large facial Hemangiomas Arterioal abnormalities Coarctation of aorta Eye abnormality Sternal defects ```

Medical Mnemonics (5 decks)

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