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Medical Mnemonics > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Kawasaki’s Disease

A 
Conjunctivitis (non purulent)
Rash (mobiliform rash)
Edema/erythematous limbs
Adenopathy (unilateral cervical)
Mucosal (strawberry tongue, desquamation)
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2
Q

Reporting otoscopy results

A 
Color (red)
Opacity
Mobility (nonmobile)
Position (bulging)
The extras
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3
Q

Cardiomegaly

A 
Alveolar edema
B kurley B
C cardiomegaly
D dilated upper lobe vessels 
E effusion
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4
Q

Club foot

A

ADMIT IT IS CTEV

ADduction at MidTarsal joint, Internal Tibial torsion, Inversion Subtalar, Cavus and
Equinus deformities

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5
Q

Indications for Acute Dialysis

A

Indications for Acute Dialysis:

“AEIOU”-“A”- intractable acidosis; “E”- electrolyte disarray ( K+, Na+, Ca++); “I” - intoxicants (methanol ethylene glycol, Li, ASA); “O”- intractable fluid overload; “U”- uremic symptoms (nausea, seizure, pericarditis, bleeding). Dialyze early. Keep BUN < 100 mg/dl, Creat < 10 mg/dl.

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6
Q

Symptoms of UTI

A 
FUDACLE
frequency
Urgency
Dysuria
Abdo pain
Cloudy urine
Loin pain
Eneuresis
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7
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

P - abnormal Posture: fisting with adducted thumbs, hyperextension and adduction (scissoring) of lower extremities, and hyperextension of trunk (arching).

O - poor Oral-motor coordination: poor sucking-swallow coordination, poor lip closure on the nipple, difficulty handling textured foods, or excessive drooling. Older kids may have trouble with drooling, chewing or articulation.

S - Strabismus: commonly associated with CP.

T - abnormal muscle Tone: increased resistance to passive movement of the extremities and decreased axial tone.

E - delayed integration of primitive reflexes, delayed Evolution of automatic responses: persistent palmar grasp, Moro, asymmetric tonic neck reflexes. Poor equilibrium, delayed protective response.

R - deep tendon Reflexes: brisk, with clonus.

Infants with 4 or more of these findings are likely to receive the diagnosis of CP later in childhood.

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8
Q

Types of hypersensitivity

A 
ACID
Type I: Anaphylaxis/allergy
Type II: cytotoxic
Type III: immune complex mediated
Type IV: delayed (cell-mediated)
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9
Q

Weight, head and height changes at the end of first year

A

6 kg, 12 cm, 24 cm height

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10
Q

Weight and head circumference at the end of 2nd year

A

2nd year 2 kg 2cm

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11
Q

Weight and Height doubles at

A

Weight (4 months) and Height (4 years)

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12
Q

Language development

A

15 words at 1.5 years (18 mth)
20 words at 20 months
3 numbers at 3 years

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13
Q

7S’s of innocent murmurs

A 
Short
Soft
Systolic
S1 S2 normal 
Standing and sitting varies
Symptomless
Special tests normal
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14
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
RVH
Overriding aorta
VSD

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15
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Fibroma (2+) after puberty
Iris -lisch nodules- late childhood
B-bone lesions/thinning of Long bone cortex -infancy
R-relative 1st degree with NF1
O-optic glioma-below 7yo. Or anywhere with nerves will get tumors
Macules cafe aunlait (6+ at least 1cm) infancy
Axillary/inguinal freckling

Cafe au lait
Axillary freckling
Fibromas
Eye- Lisch nodules
Skeletal bowing
Pseudoarthritis of tibia
Optic Tumor

NF2 hearing difficult
Diagnosis is 2+ fibroma

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16
Q

3 P’s of pyloric stenosis

A

Pyloric stenosis is 3 P’s:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)

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17
Q

Location of duodenal atresia/pyloric stenosis

A

Duodenal atresia -distal to ampulla

Pyloric stenosis-proximal

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18
Q

Excess vitamin AEK

A

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

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19
Q

Lesch Nyhan Syndrome

A

LESCH

L: lips and fingers bitten
E: excessive uric acid production
S: self mutilation
C: Choreoatheosis
H: HGPRT deficiency (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate transferase)
\+ Mental retardation

NYHAN sounds like a man
- affects boys, X-linked recessive

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20
Q

McCune Albright syndrome

A

Mc - Menarche Comes early (Precocious puberty)
Cu - Cafe au lait spots
Ne - iNcrease in Estrogen
Al - Aromatase inihibitor (Preferred treatment)
Br - Bones gone wrong (Polyostotic fibrous Dysplasia)
Ig - Independent of GnRH
Ht - Height is decreased (Because estrogen causes early closure of epiphyses)

Suspected when 2/3 of:

  • Endocrine hyperfunction such as precocious puberty
  • Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
  • Unilateral Café-au-lait spots
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21
Q

Pierre Robin Sequence

  • One of the most common causes of isolated cleft palate in the newborn
  • chrom 2, 11, 17
A

PRS

P- Cleft Palate only
R- Retrognathia (abnormal posterior position of jaw and maxilla)
S- Support to the lingual muscles is lost (Glossoptosis)

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22
Q

Potter Syndrome (Oligohydramnios)

A

POTTER

P- Pulmonary hypoplasia
O- Oligohydramnios
T- Twisted face (Potter facies)
T- Twisted skin (wrinkly skin)
E- Extremity (limb) defects
R- Renal agenesis (bilateral)
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23
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

OSTEOGEN

O - Over extensible joints
S - Sclera is blue
T - Triangular facies
E - Ear - Presenile hearing loss
O - Opalescent teeth
G - Growth retardation
E - Easy bruising
N - Genetic testing for COLA1 or COLA2 genes (Defect in collagen type 1)
24
Q

Fanconis anemia

  • age 5
  • chromosomal breakage anomalies
  • AR
A

FANCONIs

Facial anomalies (microcephaly, small eyes, absent ears)
Absent thumb, upper limb Abnormalities
n/c - looks like horseshoe kidney
O - macrocytic anemia
N - no cells (pancytopenia)
I - intellectual disability
s - short, skin abnormalities (hypo/hyperpigmentation, vitiligo, cafe au lait)

25
Q

Noonan syndrome (Chrom 12, AD)

A

chromosome 12 -> sun dominant at 12 NOON -> Autosomal dominant –> so must look down in NOONan syndrome = low set ears, downslanding eyes, Low posterior hair line, low IGF-1, short stature

SUN BURNS at NOON
S - Short stature
U - Unusual facies (Ocular hypertelorism, low set ears)
N - Neck is webbed

B - Bleeding disorders
U - Unusual chest shape (sunken- chest appearance)
R - RAS MAPK mutation
N - Nose is flat
S - Stenosis (Pulmonic stenosis)
26
Q

Edward syndrome

A

EDWARDS

E: Elongated skull (Occipital prominence, Microcephaly, High forehead)
D: Digital overlapping (Clubfoot, clenched fist, Overlapping fingers, Hypoplastic nails)
W: VSD
A: Apnea (cause of death)
R: Rocker bottom feet (Persian slipper, congenital vertical talus)
D: Dysplastic ears

I: Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR)
I: Intellectual disability

27
Q

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

A 
Langerhans lingers 
L - Lytic lesion of bones  (bony prominence)
I - Diabetes Insipidus
N - Nil
G - Granulomas (Eosinophilic)
E - Exophthalmos
R - Rrrrr.... :P
S - Skin rash
28
Q

DuodenalAtresia

A

3D’s
Duodenal Atresia
Double bubble
Downs Syndrome

Bilious vomiting -> because vomiting, no abdo distension (after Ampulla of Vater)

29
Q

Scarlet Fever

- GAS

A

SCARLET

S - Sore throat, Strawberry Tongue, Sandpaper rash
C - Circumoral pallor
A - Antecubital fossa petechiae - pastia lines
R - Rash (sandpaper)
L - Lymphadenopathy
E - erythrogenic toxin (GAS)
T - Tongue (strawberry)

30
Q

Cleft lip vs cleft palaate

A

LMN
Cleft Lip - failure of fusion of Maxillary and median Nasal prominences!

PPP
Cleft Palate - failure of fusion of two Palatine Processes!

31
Q

Beckwith-wiedemann Syndrome

A

“Becky is big.”
Beckwith-wiedemann syndrome mnemonic

“Big body”
Macrosomia

“Big tongue”
Macroglossia

“Big abdomen”
Omphalocele

“Big pancreas”
Hyperinsulinemia -> Hypoglycemia

“Big organs”
Visceromegaly

“Likes to get bigger”
Associated with Wilms tumor, gonadoblastoma and neuroblastoma

32
Q

Rash that comes after fever, 1-7 days

A 
Very - Varicella (Day 1) 
Sick - Scarlet (Day 2)
Child - Chicken pox (Day 3)
Must - Measles (Day 4)
Take - Typhus (Day 5) 
Double - Dengue (Day 6)
Tablets - Typhoid (Day 7)
33
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

CF PANCREAS:

Chronic cough and wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal IO (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
Clubbing/ CXR changes
Rectal prolapse
Electrolyte ++ in sweat, salty skin
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens
Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)

34
Q

Croup

A

Hoarse cry
Inspiratory stridor
Barking cough

35
Q

Head circumference with age

A 
Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm
9 mos 45 cm
3 yrs 50 cm
9 yrs 55 cm
36
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

CF PANCREAS:

Chronic cough and wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal IO (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
Clubbing/ CXR changes
Rectal prolapse
Electrolyte ++ in sweat, salty skin
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens
Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)

37
Q

Croup

A

Hoarse cry
Inspiratory stridor
Barking cough

38
Q

Head circumference with age

A 
Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm
9 mos 45 cm
3 yrs 50 cm
9 yrs 55 cm
39
Q

HUS

A

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components
“Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients”:
Renal failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)

Hemolytic = anemic
Uremic = renal failure
Syndrome = complications of thrombocytopenia and encephalopathy
40
Q

Vitamin toxicity of AKE

A

Vitamin toxicities: neonatal Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

41
Q

Side effects of steroids

A

Cushiongoid
Osteoporosis
Growth failure

DM
HTN

Infection
Skin thinning
Thin limbs

Immunosuppression- inhibit T cell and B cell production of antibodies, inhibit IL-2 and more cytokines function, glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis, also inhibit FC on macrophages -less opsonization

42
Q

Chronic kidney dieseaee complications

A 
Anemia
Bone
Cardiovascular
Diet, vit D
Electrolytes
Fluid overload (RAAS, hypoalbuminemia)
GI disturbances 
Hypertension, hyperlipidemia
Infections (strep pneumonia hypogammaglobhnemia)
43
Q

Indications for dialysis

A

AEIOU

Acidosis
Electrolyte imbalance 
Intoxication 
Overload
Uremia
44
Q

Pneumatosis intestinalis (mnemonic)

A

CHIPS

COPD
Ischemia
Pneumatosis intestinalis
Scleroderma, steroids

45
Q

Down syndrome

A

Hearing
Hypothyroid
Heari

46
Q

Sturge Weber Syndrome

A

STURGE

Stain-port wine. Sporadic 
Tram track calcification, leptinomeningeal calcifications 
Unilateral port wine stain 
Retardation
Glaucoma 
Epilepsy
46
Q

Tuberous sclerosis

A

HAMARTOMA

Hamartoma
Adenoma sebaceum
Mitral regurgitation
Ash-leaf spots
Rhabdomyoma
(Tuberous sclerosis)
dOminant inheritance
Mental retardation
Angiomyolipoma (of kidney)
"MRS. Tuber HEAD" is your mnemonic!
M: Mitral Regurgitation
Mental Retardation
R: Rhabdomyoma
S: Subependymal nodules 
Shagreen patches
Tuber: Tuberous sclerosis
H: Hamartoma
E: Ependymoma
A: Ash leaf lesions 
Angiofibroma 
Angiomyolipoma 
Adenoma sebaceum
Astrocytoma
D: Depigmented nevi
Dominant (Autosomal Dominant)
47
Q

5 Ts of cyanotic heart disease

A
  1. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
  2. Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
  3. Truncus Arteriosus
  4. Tricuspid Atresia
  5. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC)
48
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

First number = HTN
2nd number = virilization. If 1, elevated

21 hydroxylase- Low bp, Low cortisol, high virilization
17 hydroxylase- high HP, Low cortisol, Low virilizarion
11- high bp, Low cortisol, high virilizarion
0-3- all low

49
Q

Abdominal tumor and age of presentation

A

1- hepatoblastoma
2- Neuroblastoma
3- Wilms tumor

Turn number sideways

50
Q

Risk factors of DDH

A

4Fs
Female, first (newborn), family history, feet first (breech)
In the first 4 months need ultrasound to confirm findings

Ortolani goes Out, Barlow pushes Back (dislocate)

51
Q

Reversible causes of ACLS (4H 4T)

A 
Hypoxia
Hypovolemia
Hypo/hyperkalemia/metabolic
Hypothermia
Tension pneumothorax
Toxin
Tamponade -cardiac
Thromboembolism
52
Q

Stop bang OSA

A

Snoring
Tired
Observed apnea
Pressure-BP Treatment

BMI >35
Age >50
Neck >40
Gender male

In kids, bedwetting, tiredness, snoring, respi symptoms at night or morning

53
Q

Complications of CLD

A

Signs of chronic liver disease (ABCDEFGHIJ)

Asterixis, Ascites, Ankle oedema, Atrophy of testicles
Bruising
Clubbing/ Colour change of nails (leuconychia)
Dupuytren’s contracture
Encephalopathy / palmar Erythema
Foetor hepaticus
Gynaecomastia
Hepatomegaly
Increase size of parotids
Jaundice
54
Q

PHACES

A 
Posterior fossa malformation
large facial Hemangiomas
Arterioal abnormalities
Coarctation of aorta 
Eye abnormality
Sternal defects

Medical Mnemonics (5 decks)

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