Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of children will meet criteria for constipation?

A

30%

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2
Q

What are etiologies of delayed meconium passage?

A
  • imperforate anus
  • Hirschprung’s
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Prematurity
  • Sacral abnormalities
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3
Q

How often do babies stool?

A

In breastfed babies, once every 10 days to 10 times per day

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4
Q

What are the Rome III criteria for constipation in pediatrics? *must not meet criteria for IBS

A
2 months hx + 2 of:
Pooping in their pants (incontinence >1/week)
Posturing (retentive)
Pain with BM's
Palpable large stool in rectum
Plugging the toilet 

= 2 BM’s per week

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5
Q

What are 5 complications of infant GE reflex

A
parental anxiety
esophagitis
failure to thrive
apnea/choking (ALTE)
recurrent aspiration/cough/wheeze
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6
Q

When does the umbilical stump fall off?

A

5-10 days on average
2 weeks ULN
3 weeks = abnormal

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7
Q

How much do neonates need to feed per day?

A

150 mL/kg/day

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8
Q

What’s the rule of thumb for urine output in neonates?

A
1 pee day 1
2 pees day 2
3 pees day 3
4 pees day 4 
increases from there
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9
Q

What is the concern with macrolides in babies?

A

association with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

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10
Q

What are symptoms of chlamydial pneumonia?

A

stacatto cough
well appearing
crepitus, wheezes, patchy infiltrates and hyperinflation

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11
Q

What is the risk to the infant with mothers with untreated chlamydia?

A

40% risk of infection

conjunctivitis, pneumonia

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12
Q

What are 2 types of breath holding spells

A

Cyanotic: upset, vigorous crying and end expiratory apnea
followed by cyanosis, opisthotonus, rigidity, loss of tone +/- brief jerking, lasting 10-60 seconds

Pallid: minimal crying, usually bad stimulus (pain) -> child goes pale, quiet then loses consciousness

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13
Q

What is the definition of colic?

A
Excessive crying for:
>3 hours per day
>3 times per week
>3 weeks 
usually around 3 weeks - 3 months
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14
Q

What are some considerations in the ddx of colic?

A
incarcerated hernia
corneal abrasion
hair tourniquet 
intussusception 
child abuse 
meningitis
UTI
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15
Q

What are contraindications to manual reduction of inguinal hernias?

A

hemodynamic instability
sick appearing
peritonitis
bowel obstruction

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16
Q

What are 4 risk factors for rectal prolapse

A

CF
constipation
diarrhea
pinworms

17
Q

How to remove hair tourniquet?

A

Nair (not always effective)

Cut across with scalpel or 16 gauge needle

18
Q

What can happens to neonates whose mothers are on SSRIs?

A

Withdrawal
Rare - pulmonary hypertension
easily confused with sepsis - irritable, tachycardia, temperature instability
often will get admitted for observation

19
Q

What is the limit of prolonged rupture of membranes in labour?

20
Q

What is a normal glucose in a brand new neonate?

After 24 hours?

A

> 2.6

After 24 hours >3.3

21
Q

Up to what age can you put in an umbilical vein?

22
Q

What is the age range for early onset neonatal sepsis?

23
Q

What are the 3 most common pathogens in neonatal sepsis

A

GBS
E. coli
Listeria

24
Q

Which neonates need acyclovir?

A

Unwell
CSF WBC
Skin lesions

25
Why do you avoid ceftriaxone in babies?
Binds to albumin Displaces bilirubin Risk of kernicterus
26
List the association of disease on CXR Boot Egg on a string Snowman
Boot = TOF Egg on string = TGA Snowman = TAPVR
27
What are 5 causes of bilious vomiting?
``` Malrotation Meconium ileus Intussusception Bowel atresia (duodenal, imperforate anus) Hisrschprung's ```
28
What drugs to use in neonatal intubation?
Atropine 20 mcg/kg Fentanyl 3-5 mcg/kg Succinylcholine 2 mg/kg
29
What are 5 ddx considerations of pediatric stridor?
``` Anaphylaxis Tumor Heart failure Asthma Trauma/PTX Infection Cystic fibrosis ```