Pediatrics Flashcards
Gross motor
Using large groups of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, etc.; Keeping balance and changing positions.
Fine motor
Using hands and fingers to be able to eat, draw, dress, play, write and do many other things.
Speech and Language
Speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating and understanding what others say.
Cognitive
Thinking skills including learning, understanding, problem-solving, reasoning and remembering.
Social and Emotional
Interacting with others, having relationships with family, friends, and teachers, cooperating and responding to the feelings of others.
cephalo to caudal
An infant gains head control before he can lift himself on his forearms, before he can roll over, and before he can sit.
proximally to distally
A child has not yet established the ability to sit without hand support, therefore the child uses one foot to remove his shoe from the opposite foot as he is using his hands to sit upright and not be able to use his hands to take off his shoes
Gross to fine
An infant waves his arms around, before becoming able to control that movement to more purposefully bat at a toy and eventually then pick up and manipulate the toy.
What Sensory System is the first to develop?
The tactile sensory system is the first to develop and the most functional at birth.
What Sensory Systems are least mature at birth?
These auditory and visual sensory systems are the least mature at birth.
What 3 inputs are important as. body schema is developed?
Tactile, vestibular, and proprioceptive input are important from birth as body schema is developed.
What 3 systems are foundations for postural control?
Vestibular, proprioceptive, and visual systems lay the foundation for postural control as they become integrated.
Rooting Reflex
Supine or while held by caregiver
Turns head when touched on cheek
Allows infant to search for and locate food
Moro Reflex
Supine or while held by caregiver
Following sudden change in head position (initially) or in response to loud noise or sudden visual input in older child, arms extend out and infant cries
Startle response for protection (i.e. first develops to warn caregiver of potential fall and later to defend against possible danger); beginning of postural/balance (equilibrium) reflexes
Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)
Supine
When head turns to one side, arm extends on side head is turned and opposite arm flexes
Provides opportunity to develop reach and visual fixation on objects
Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)
Quadruped or Crawling position
Flexion of head causes arms to bend and legs to extend; Extension of head causes legs to flex and arms to extend
Promotes hip and shoulder stability in preparation for against gravity movement; must be integrated for crawling on all fours
Stability
Establishment of a base of support related to posture and balance
Mobility
Motor interactions used to seek physical control of the environment
Prone/Supine Head control
Birth to 2 months
Postural
Prone: weightbearing through arms; support for upright position; visual skills Supine: flexion of shoulders, abdominals, hips; balance between flexion and extension in antigravity position
Rolling
3 to 5 months
Ambulatory
Can be only means of independent locomotion; promotes more developmentally complex movement via spatial awareness, laterality, and tactile experience
Sitting
6 to 8 months
Postural
Increased righting and equilibrium – increased postural control in upright position; begins with forward propping but hands eventually become free to manipulate objects
Creeping/Crawling
9 to 11 months
Ambulatory
Allows for increased exploration and reciprocal leg pattern for walking; weightbearing through arms allows for arm co-contraction for hand function
Walking
12 to 15 months
Ambulatory
Progression from stepping reflex, to pulling to stand, to cruising along furniture to eventually walking allows for increased independence with locomotion and exploration during play.
Visual regard for objects and moves arms
1-2 months
Reaching
Laying in supine with overhead mobile
