PEDIATRIC NURSING EXAM i Flashcards
What is the age range for an infant?
What is the age range for a neonate?
Birth to 28 days of age
Define Growth:
growth= the increase in physical size
Define Development:
development= the sequential process of skill attainment
Define Maturation:
maturation= increased functionality of the body systems or developmental skills.
Growth charts and percentiles.
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Make sure you know how to identify growth and percentiles on a graph/chart. Typical measurements include head size, length in inches, and weight in lbs and oz.
Be able to plot these values on a standardized growth chart! Images are on the internet and easily accessible.
What is the significance of growth percentiles for infants?
Percentile measurements are usually in approximately the same growth percentiles over time, helps us predict growth of the infant.
Significant deviations from previous percentiles may indicate that further assessments are indicated. EX: female maturation occurring too quickly secondary to autoimmune problem. EX: male stops growing in length, indicates potential growth problem.
Specialized growth charts are available for preterm and Down Syndrome infants.
Describe the growth of an infant at birth, 4-6 months, and 12 months.
birth: average 3,400 g (7.5 lbs)
4-6 months: average to double at this time.
12 months: average to triple by this time.
What happens with a neonate’s birth weight following birth? Why?
Neonates may lose up to 10% of their birth weight following birth secondary to fluid volume loss. Being a breastfed baby increases this chance of weight loss. It is recommended the child gains the weight lost back prior to their first pediatric appointment.
What are some ways we assess developmental milestones in children?
-ask the parents, their feelings about their child’s development, compare to charts.
-observing skills of child
-questionaires and charts as screening tools
which reflex lasts the longest in children
babinski (stroke the foot of an infant, the toes go upward and open up the foot.). May last up to 2 years old
Describe the open and closing of fontanels
-posterior fontanel is smaller, closes about 8 weeks of age.
-we want it to be flat.
-bulging may indicate increasing ICP.
-sunken appearance may indicate dehydration: solution is to drink milk/breastfeed.
Describe respirations and respiratory system of infants
They breathe much faster than adults, and breathe through their nose. This is why it is important to maintain clear nares using a bulb syringe.
Pulse in infants and circulatory system
120-140bpm
-capillaries are closer to the surface, more susceptible to heat loss, why we swaddle and cap
When do infants get their first incisor teeth?
-bottom center teeth arrive between 6-8 months.
is acrocyanosis normal in infants?
yes
Describe Erikson’s theory for infants.
trust vs mistrust, caregivers responding to infant needs creates a sense of trust; obviously the vise versa makes the opposite.
Describe Plaget’s theory of infants?
sensorimotor infants use their sensory and motor skills to learn about the world rather than words.
Describe Freud’s theory with infants?
the oral stage: pleasure is focused on oral activities of feeding and sucking. Explore the world using their mouths.
When does stranger anxiety develop in infants?
about 8 months of age
When does separation anxiety develop?
-later in infant age, arrives when caregiver leaves
Know how to describe temperaments.
-low to moderately active, regular, and predictable
-highly active, more intense, and less adaptable.
Contrast gross and fine motor skills
Gross: cephalocaudal: more central
example: sits, crawls, pulls
Fine: proximodistal: more distal
example: grasping with hands, clenching fists, feeds self with cup and spoon.
Babies should have no head lag by how many months?
4
babies should be able to fit in a tripod position unassisted by how many months?
6
Early warning signs of impaired vision or hearing in infants?
Hearing: -does not respond to loud noise
-does not make sounds or has issues talking, doesn’t turn to locate sounds.
Vision: crosses eyes around 6 months, does not try to study an object in visual field, does not track an interesting item
Instructions on bottle feeding:
-clean nipples and bottles between feedings
-do not water down the formula, use correct volume of water
-prepare according to package directions
