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PCM II: Test 1 > Pediatric Exam > Flashcards

Pediatric Exam Flashcards

1
Q

newborn

A

first 28 days of life

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2
Q

infancy

A

0-12 months

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3
Q

toddler/early childhood

A

1-4 years

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4
Q

school-aged/middle childhood

A

5-10 years

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5
Q

adolescent

A

11-20 years

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6
Q

APGAR

A

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Resipiratory Effort

1 minute response:
0-4: severe depression
5-7 some nervous system depression
8-10 normal

5 minute response:
0-7: high risk for subsequent CNS and other organ system dysfunction
8-10: normal

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7
Q

Appearance

A

0: blue, pale
1: pink body, blue ext.
2. Pink all over

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8
Q

Pulse

A

0: absent
1: 100

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9
Q

Grimace

A

“reflex irritability”

0: no response
1: grimace
2: crying vigorously, sneeze or cough

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10
Q

Activity

A

0: flaccid
1: some flexion of arms/legs
2. active movement

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11
Q

Resp. Effort

A

0: absent
1. slow and irregular
2: good and strong

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12
Q

What does erythromycin ointment do? Vit K?

A

Erthyromycin ointment: in eyes to prevent infection

vitamin K injection to prevent bleeding

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13
Q

Gestational Age

A
  • Based on neuromuscular sign and physical characteristics that change with gestational maturation
  • Ballard scoring system
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14
Q

Gestation Age

A

Preterm 42 weeks

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15
Q

Birth Weight

A

extremely low birth weight < 1000 grams
very low birth weight <2500 grams
normal birth weight: above 2500 grams

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16
Q

SGA, AGA, LGA

A 
SGA = lower 10th%, small for gestation age
AGA = 10-90th, appropriate for gestational age
LGA = large for gestation age >90th
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17
Q

Neonate feeding

A
  • every 3 hours
  • breastfeeding: initially small volumes of colostrum, milk will “come in” after 2-3 days and larger volumes will be taken
  • formula: 15-30 ml (0.5-1oz)
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18
Q

Voiding after birth

A

3-4 voids in first 1-3 days is normal.

By day 4-5 should see 6-8 voids per 24 hours period.

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19
Q

Stooling

A
  • Initial stools are meconium (should stool within first 24 hours of life - dark,black, tarry)
  • By day 4-5 stools should change (Breast: yellow,seedy) (Formula: green/yellow)
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20
Q

Jaundice in newborns

A
  • elevated levels prior to first 24 hours indicate more than physiologic jaundice:
  • ABO incompatibility/Rh
  • Cephalohematoma
  • infection
  • Hemoglobinopathies: ie. thalassemia
  • enzyme deficiencies: G6PD
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21
Q

Hospital discharge

A

Vaginal delivery: 2 days after birth
C-Section: 3 days after birth

Prior to discharge:

  • Hep B immunization
  • hearing screen
  • blood test
  • circumcision
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22
Q

Well child Visits

A

Items discussed in HPI:
Feeding/eating, Stooling/voiding, Sleeping, Development, Safety, Additional parental concerns

PMHx
Medical problems, Injuries, Hospitalizations, Surgery, Meds, Allergies
Fmhx
Social hx: Family structure, Pets/guns/daycare, etc.

3-4 days of life: check growth
2 weeks: check growth and development and newborn screen #2
1, 2, 4, 6 months: check G&D
9 mos: check G&D and Hgb
12 months: check G&D

Growth in the first year: birth weight is tripled and height increased by 50%

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23
Q

Neurologic physical development

A
  • neurological deveopment progresses centrally to peripherally (gross –> fine motor)
  • head control, trunk control, use of arms, use of legs, use of hands then fingers
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24
Q

Language/Cognitive development

A

2 mos: cooing
6 mos: babbling
1 year: 1-3 words

Cognitive: learn cause/effect, object permanence and use of tools
- By 9 mos. should recognize strangers, seek comfort from parent during exam, actively manipulate objects

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25
Q

Gross Motor

A

using large groups of muscles to sit, stand, walk, run, etc., keeping balance, and changing positions.

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26
Q

Fine Motor

A
  • using hands to be able to eat, draw, dress, play, write, and do many other things.
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27
Q

Language

A
  • speaking, using body language and gestures, communicating, and understanding what others say.
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28
Q

Cognitive

A
  • Thinking skills: including learning, understanding, problem-solving, reasoning, and remembering.
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29
Q

Social milestones

A
  • Interacting with others, having relationships with family, friends, and teachers, cooperating, and responding to the feelings of others.
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30
Q

Exam guidelinees

A
  • can do on table until nine months, after nine months, should do exam on parents lap because stranger anxiety develops at this age.
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31
Q

Head Circumference

A

Measure at each visit until 36 months of age

Observe for head shape, symmetry, tilt, lesions, hair abnormalities

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32
Q

Gen/Resp/CV/Abd Exams

A

Observation: Observe general appearance, comfort, wellbeing, activity level, grooming, temperament, body habitus, nutritional status

Respiratory: Observe breathing pattern, skin color, signs of distress & use of accessory muscles
Auscultate lung fields (ant./post.)

Cardiovascular: Compare brachial & femoral pulses B/L, Palpate PMI, Auscultate with bell & diaphragm
BP not routinely measure in child <3 yrs.

Abdominal:
Observe shape, contour, & presence of hernias
Auscultate bowel sounds in all 4 quadrants
Percuss, Palpate & note size of liver & spleen (may be able to palpate kidneys), liver tip should be palpable 1-2 cm below costal margin.

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33
Q

Palmar grasp

A

place finger in hand and press against palmar surface –> grasp finger
B to 4m

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34
Q

Plantar grasp

A

touch sole at base/toes –> toes curl

B to 9m

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35
Q

Moro (startle reflex)

A

hold supine support head, back, legs; abruptly lower 2 feet –> arms abduct and extend, hands open and legs flex, +/- cry
B to 4 m

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36
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck

A

supine, turn head to one side, holding jaw over shoulder –> arm/leg on that side extend and opposite arm/leg flex
B to 4 m

37
Q

Positive support

A

Hold around trunk and lower till feet touch surface –> hips/knees/ankles extend, partially bearing weight (sags after 20 sec)
B or 2m–> 6 m

38
Q

Rooting

A

Storke perioral skin at corner of mouth –> mouth opens and turns head toward side stimulated

39
Q

Trunk Incurvation (Galant’s reflex)

A

support in prone position, stroke one side of back 1 cm from midline from shoulder to buttocks –> spine curves toward the stimulated side.
B to 3m

40
Q

Placing/Stepping

A

Hold upright, have one sole tough table –> hip and knee of that foot will flex and other foot will step forward
B (best after day 4) to variable

41
Q

Landau

A

Suspended prone –> head lifts up and spine will straighten

- B to 6m

42
Q

Parachute

A

suspend prone and slowly lower the head toward the surface –> arms/legs will extend in protective fashion
4-6m and does not disappear

43
Q

Barlow maneuver

A
  • physical examination tests for ability to sublux or dislocate intact but unstable hip
  • Can indicate developmental hip dysplasia (DHD)
    If B/O test positive, need imaging to diagnose DHD
  • adducting the hip (bringing the thigh towards the midline) while applying light pressure on the knee, directing the force posteriorly.[2] If the hip is dislocatable - that is, if the hip can be popped out of socket with this maneuver - the test is considered positive.
  • The Ortolani maneuver is then used, to confirm the positive finding (i.e., that the hip actually dislocated).
44
Q

Ortalani test

A

tests for presence of posteriorly dislocated hip

45
Q

Galeazzi maneuver

A

have knees flexed, look at the position of the knees in relation to one another- the knee that is lower will have a posterior dislocation possibly at the acetabulum

46
Q

anterior fontenele

A
  • “frontal fontanel”

larger and usually closes later: 18m-2yr

47
Q

posterior fontanele

A

“occipital fontanel”

smaller and closes earlier at 1-2 mos of age

48
Q

anterior fontenele

A

larger and usually closes later: 18m-2yr

49
Q

posterior fontanele

A

smaller and closes earlier at 1-2 mos of age

50
Q

nose exam

A

obligate nose breather first 2 months, only ethmoid sinuses are present at birth

51
Q

Teeth development

A

6-26 ms.
usually develop 1 tooth per month
central and lateral incisors develop at first, molars will develop last

52
Q

Red reflex

A
  • Reflection of light on retina, generally red in color
  • Should be symmetrical reflection with light held 18 in away
  • Abnormal could equal cataracts, glaucoma, retinoblastoma or other abnormalities of eye
53
Q

Hemangioma

A

benign and usually self-involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood. It usually appears in the first weeks of life and grows most rapidly over the first six months.

54
Q

Mongolian spots

A

seen when melanin did not migrate completely in skin - seen in darker skinned babies

55
Q

Hemangioma

A

benign and usually self-involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood. It usually appears in the first weeks of life and grows most rapidly over the first six months.

56
Q

Still’s Murmur

A
  • sound made from blood flow as it crosses the valve. Since infants/children have less tissue between the heart and the stehoscope, these can be auscultated and are common children
  • Grade II/VI, musical, vibratory midsystolic
  • located left of sternum in 4th ICS
  • can be heard better when laying down
57
Q

Venous Hum

A
  • heard on the right side of neck at Jugular vein
  • sound caused by flow of venous blood from head and neck into thorax
  • continuous sound while sitting
  • soft, continuous, louder in diastole
  • this is a common sound; all other diastolic murmurs are pathologic
58
Q

Still’s Murmur

A
  • Grade II/VI, musical, vibratory midsystolic
  • located left of sternum in 4th ICS
  • can be heard better when laying down
59
Q

Venous Hum

A
  • heard on the right side of neck at Jugular vein
  • soft, continuous, louder in diastole
  • sound of blood coming back through veins: normal to hear
60
Q

Carotid Bruit

A

Heard at carotid arter bilaterally

  • midsystolic, usually louder on left, eliminated by carotid compression
  • normal to hear
61
Q

Ear exam

A
  • need to pull back

don’t need to pull up and back

62
Q

Late adolescence

A

17-20 years old

63
Q

Middle Adolescence

A

15-16 years old

- females will develop sooner, males feel awkward

64
Q

Late adolescence

A

17-20 years old

65
Q

Adrenarche

A
  • activation of adrenal medulla for production of adrenal androgens
  • occurs before the onset of puberty
66
Q

Gonadarche: what hormones are stimulated when?

A
  • Earliest gonadal changes of puberty- GnRH released
  • Boys: LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH stimulates sperma maturation
  • Girls: FSH stimulates estrogen and follicle formation; LH stimulates corpus luteum after ovulation
67
Q

Thelarche

A
  • beginning of breast development at puberty
68
Q

Pubarche

A

beginning of pubic hair

69
Q

Tanner Stagings: Breast development

A

I: no glandular tissue, areola follows the skin of the chest (age 10 or younger)
II: breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10-11.5)
III. breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola (11.5-13)
IV. increased breast size and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting form the contour to the surrounding breast (13-15)
V. breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with projecting central papilla (15+)

70
Q

Tanner Stagings: Pubic hair

A

I. no pubic hair at all (below age 10)
II. small amount of down hair with slight pigmentation at base of penis and labia majora (10-11.5)
III. hair becomes more coarse and curly, begins to extend laterally (11.5-13)
IV. adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs (13-15)
V: hair extends to medial surface of the thighs (15+)

71
Q

Tanner Stagings: Breast development

A

I: no glandular tissue, areola follows the skin of the chest (age 10 or younger)
II: breast bud forms, with small area of surrounding glandular tissue; areola begins to widen (10-11.5)
III. breast begins to become more elevated, and extends beyond the borders of the areola (11.5-13)
IV. increased breast size and elevation; areola and papilla form a secondary mound projecting form the contour to the surrounding breast (13-15)
V. breast reaches final adult size; areola returns to contour of the surrounding breast, with projecting central papilla (15+)

72
Q

Tanner Stagings: Pubic hair

A

I. no pubic hair at all (below age 10)
II. small amount of down hair with slight pigmentation at base of penis and labia majora (10-11.5)
III. hair becomes more coarse and curly, begins to extend laterally (11.5-13)
IV. adult-like hair quality, extending across pubis but sparing medial thighs (13-15)
V: hair extends to medial surface of the thighs (15+)

73
Q

aortic sound

A

heard in URSB, at 2nd ICS

74
Q

pulmonic sound

A

heard in ULSB (2nd ICS)

75
Q

Tricuspid sound

A

heard in LLSB (4th ICS)

76
Q

Mitral sound

A

apex: heard in LMCL (5th ICS)

77
Q

Precordial activity

A
  • Normal with innocent murmur

- increased in atrial septal defects

78
Q

S1 sound

A
  • normal with innocent murmur

- normal with atrial septal defect

79
Q

S2 sound

A
  • splits and moves with respiration in normal murmur

- widely split and fixed (does not move with inspiration) seen in atrial septal defect

80
Q

systolic murmur (supine)

A
  • crescendo/decrescndo and possibly vibratory at lower left sternal border for innocent murmur
  • “flow” at upper left sternal border seen in atrial septal defect
81
Q

Retractile testicle

A

= testicles that are not located within the inguinal canal and are able to be drawn in the scrotal sac
- not abnormal: testes will descend over time

82
Q

Hymen

A

fold of mucous membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia
- imperforate hymen = hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape

83
Q

Retractile testicle

A

= testicles that are not located within the inguinal canal and are able to be drawn in the scrotal sac
- not abnormal: testes will descend over time

84
Q

Hymen

A

fold of mucous membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening. It forms part of the vulva, or external genitalia
- imperforate hymen = hymenal opening nonexistent; will require minor surgery if it has not corrected itself by puberty to allow menstrual fluids to escape

85
Q

Uvula inspection

A
  • should be midline and without deviation
  • aids in closing off the nasopharynx with swallowing
  • use tongue depressor to iniate “gag” reflex which estimates CN IX/X
86
Q

Corneal light reflex

A

“blink reflex”

- involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation such as toughing of the cornea or by bright light

87
Q

Uvula inspection

A
  • should be midline and without deviation
  • aids in closing off the nasopharynx with swallowing
  • use tongue depressor to iniate “gag” reflex which estimates CN IX/X
88
Q

Babinski’s Sign

A
  • stoke bottom of patient’s foot with tongue depressor
  • when non-pathological it is called the plantar reflex and a downward response is elicited (while the positive “Babinski’s sign” indicates pathology and refers to an upward response)
    + sign can identify disease of the spinal cord and brain and also exists as a primitive reflex in infants (upward response)

PCM II: Test 1 (5 decks)

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