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Pediatrics: Smith > Pediatric Diseases > Flashcards

Pediatric Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

A fever is associated with patients who have LTB. True or false?

A

False

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) has gradual onset with chance of low grade fever, or no fever at all.

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2
Q

A neuromuscular disease evaluation of the respiratory system of a child with neuromuscular weakness might include which of the following?

I. spirometry with a flow volume loop
II. polysomnography
III. electroencephalogram
IV. mixed venous blood gases
V. maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures
A

I. spirometry with a flow volume loop
II. polysomnography
V. maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures
Answer: I, II, V

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3
Q

Acute LTB is almost always caused by Haemophilus influenzae B. True or False?

A

False

Parainfluenza virus 1 is the most common cause of LTB (croup).

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4
Q

Acute epiglottitis most often occurs in children between 4 and 8 years of age. True or false?

A

False

Acute epiglottitis is most often seen in children younger than 6 years of age.

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5
Q

Aerosolized racemic epinephrine is usually administered to children with which of the following conditions?

A

LTB

Nebulized racemic epinephrine, temperature control, adequate hydration, humidification of inspired air, cool mist tents (croup tents), and intubation (in cases of severe respiratory distress) are all types of administrations for children with LTB.

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6
Q

An elevation in the levels of chloride in sweat is diagnostic for which of the following lung conditions?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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7
Q

Both Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are commonly found in the tracheobronchial tree secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

Children with epiglottitis often have difficulty in swallowing and handling secretions. True or false?

A

True

Epiglottitis is swollen with “thumb sign” radiographic finding, muffled “hot potato” voice without hoarseness leading to difficulty swallowing and handling secretions.

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9
Q

Compared with LTB, the inspiratory stridor heard in acute epiglottitis is usually softer and lower in pitch. True or False?

A

True

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10
Q

Epiglottitis is seen more often in boys than girls. True or false?

A

True

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11
Q

In LTB the child’s inspiratory stridor is typically loud and high in pitch. True or false?

A

True

Stridor has a “barky cough” and hoarse voice, making it louder in pitch.

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12
Q

Inspiratory stridor is the major clinical sign of:

A

Glottic edema

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13
Q

LTB is most common during the spring and summer months. True or false?

A

False

LTB most often occurs during Fall and Winter (Oct-Feb).

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14
Q

LTB is primarily seen in children between 6 months and 6 years of age. True or false?

A

True

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15
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is most commonly caused by a viral infection. The most frequently seen etiologic agent(s) is/are the Parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3. True or false?

A

True

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16
Q

RSV outbreaks are seasonal. In the northern hemisphere the RSV season is usually between April and September. True or false?

A

False

RSV occurs annually during winter.

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17
Q

The onset of LTB is considered slow. It typically develops over a period of 2 to 4 days. True or false?

A

False

LTB has gradual onset of 2-3 days.

(?? Question doesn’t match answer very much)

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18
Q

The onset of acute epiglottitis is considered abrupt. It typically develops over a period of 2 to 4 hours. True or false?

A

True

Epiglottitis has abrupt onset (hence “acute” epiglottitis) within a few hours.

19
Q

The white blood cell count is elevated in patients with epiglottitis. True or false?

A

True

20
Q

Virtually all children experience an RSV infection by 3 years of age. True or false?

A

True

21
Q

When two carriers of the cystic fibrosis gene produce children, there is a 25% chance that the baby will have cystic fibrosis. True or false?

A

True

2 heterozygote parents – 1 in 4 chance (25% chance)
1 heterozygote and 1 homozygote parents – 50% chance

22
Q

Which of the following disorders can develop in neonates as a result of receiving concentrations of oxygen that produce a high PaO2?

A

Retinopathy of prematurity

23
Q

Which of the following is commonly seen on the lateral neck X-ray of the patient with epiglottitis?

I. Pencil point narrowing of the upper airway
II. Haziness in the subglottic area
III. Classic thumb sign
IV. Steeple-point narrowing of the upper airway
V. Haziness in the supraglottic area

A

III. Classic thumb sign
V. Haziness in the supraglottic area

III and V only

Steeple sign is found in LTB (croup), NOT epiglottitis. Pencil point sign does not exist. Haziness is found in the SUPRAglottic area, not subglottic.

24
Q

Which of the following is/are commonly cultured from the mucus in the tracheobronchial tree of the patient with cystic fibrosis?

I. Klebsiella
II. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
III. Haemophilus influenzae
IV. Staphylococcus aureus

A

II. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
III. Haemophilus influenzae
IV. Staphylococcus aureus

II, III, and IV only

25
Q

Which disease has muffled “hot potato” voice without hoarseness?

A

Epiglottitis

26
Q

What are the two most common forms of muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Becker Muscular Dystrophy

27
Q

Chronic airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and hypersecretion of mucus describes what disease?

A

Asthma

28
Q

Pulmonary edema, alveolar collapse, disruption of the A-C membrane, and surfactant dysfunction describes:

A

ARDS

29
Q

ARDS can be caused by direct or indirect lung injury. True or false?

A

True

Direct lung injury: Pneumonia, aspiration, chest trauma, smoke inhalation.
Indirect lung injury: Sepsis, closed head injury, multiple trauma, transfusion reaction, hemorrhagic shock.

30
Q

In the second stage of ARDS, PCXR may show fine reticular pattern while the third stage shows bilateral consolidation and air bronchogram. True or false?

A

True

31
Q

How to tell Epiglottitis and LTB (croup) apart?

A

Epiglottitis doesn’t cough.
Bacterial, fast onset, high fever, quiet and drooling. Always an emergency!

LTB (croup) doesn’t drool.
Viral, slower onset, mild fever, barking cough. Not always an emergency.

32
Q

“Steeple sign” on lateral neck x-ray is found in which disease?

A

LTB (croup)

33
Q

Epiglottitis is a viral infection. True or false?

A

False. Epiglottitis is a BACTERIAL infection.

34
Q

H. Influenzae type B causes 75% of epiglottitis episodes. True or false?

A

True

35
Q

What is the leading cause of death in toddlers?

A

Foreign body aspiration

36
Q

Foreign body aspirations usually fall into the RML. True or false?

A

True

37
Q

What is the best method for finding and retrieving foreign body aspirations?

A

Fiberoptic laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy.

In an emergency, cricothyrotomy.

38
Q

Bronchiolitis is a viral respiratory tract infection. True or false?

A

True

39
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. True or false?

A

True

40
Q

Bronchiolitis is the number one cause of hospitalization in the US. True or false?

A

True

41
Q

Diffuse, coarse, sticky (velcro) rales best describes which disease?

A

Bronchiolitis

42
Q

80% of all pneumonia in peds are viral. True or false?

A

True, with RSV occurring most often.

43
Q

Palivizumab is the best pharmaceutical treatment for RSV. True or false?

A

True

Pediatrics: Smith (3 decks)

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