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Anesthesia Principles > Pediatric Disease > Flashcards

Pediatric Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What age kids have the greatest perianesthetic anxiety?

A

1-5 years

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2
Q

What age is a neonate?

A

0-30 days

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3
Q

What age is an infant?

A

1-12 months

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4
Q

What age is a toddler?

A

1-3 year

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5
Q

What age is achild?

A

4-12 years

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6
Q

What age isa teen/adolescent?

A

13-19 years

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7
Q

In pediatrics, the ____ has a higher position.

A

Larynx

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8
Q

Why does airway obstruction occur more readily in the newborn and infant?

A

Larger tongue relative to oral cavity

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9
Q

The anterior commissure in a newborn is slanted ____.

A

inferiorly

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10
Q

What is the narrowest portion of the larynx in peds patients?

A

cricoid cartilage

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11
Q

What is the narrowest portion of the larynx in adults?

A

vocal cords

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12
Q

Do full term neonates or infants of 1-6 months age require lower concentrations of volaitles?

A

full term

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13
Q

MAC steadily ___ until 2-3 months of age, but after 3 months, the MAC _____ with age.

A

increases

decreases

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14
Q

What is the MAC of sevo in neonate and infants younger than 6 months?

A

3.2%

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15
Q

What is the MAC of sevo in infants older than 6 months up to 12 years?

A

2.5%

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16
Q

Neonates and infants require ____ dose of Sux than do older kids to produce similar degrees of block.

A

increased

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17
Q

Why do neonates and infants require increased Suc dose?

A

increased ECF volume nad larger Vd

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18
Q

When is Sux used most ofetn in kids?

A

RSI

Laryngospasm

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19
Q

Uptake of inhaled anesthetic is ____ in infants than older kids.

A

more rapid

20
Q

Infants have a ____alveolar ventilation relative to FRC.

A

high

21
Q

Why is uptake of inhaled anesthetics mroe rapid in infants?

A

high alveolar ventilation relative to FRC

22
Q

Why do neonates have a potential increase of sensitivity to hypnotics?

A

immature BBB and decreased ability to metabolize drugs

23
Q

____ of many drugs is decreased in infants, which can result in high circulating concentrations.

A

protein binding

24
Q

What is classified as preterm newborn?

A

before 37 weeks

25
Q

What is an extremely low gestational age

A

23-27 weeks regardless of birth weight

26
Q

What leads to the development of neontatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

A

lack of appropriate type of surface-active material or surfactant

27
Q

What produces surfactant?

A

type II pneumocytes

28
Q

What does surfactant reduce?

A

alveolar surface tension

29
Q

How long does it take RDS to become apparent after birth?

A

within minutes

30
Q

What is the drug treatment of RDS?

A

administration of surfactant to preterm newborms

31
Q

What airway interventions are performed for RDS in preterm? (1st line)

A

nasal CPAP

32
Q

If CPAP fails to correct RDS in newborn, what is done next?

A

intubate and admin surfactant

33
Q

With sudden cardiorespiratory decompensation in the preterm newborn during hte intraoperative period, what is something that should be considered?

A

pneumo from barotrauma

34
Q

What should a preterm’s Hct be maintained at to optimize systemic O2 delivery?

A

40%

35
Q

Colloids are preferred over crystalloids in preterm infants. T/F

A

true

36
Q

What is bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?

A

chrnoic lung dx in infancy

37
Q

Preterm infants likley to develop BPD are born during the _____ phase of lung development at ____ weeks.

A

canalicular

24-26 weeks

38
Q

What factors play a role in development of BPD?

A 
PPV
High O2
Inflammation
Pulmonary edema/pulmonary air leak
poor nutrition
airway hyperreactivity
adrenal insufficiency
meconium aspiratoin
PNA
CHF
39
Q

BPD is a clinical diagnosis as O2 dependence at ____ weeks post conceptural age or O2 requirements beyong _____ of life in infants w/ birth weight of _____.

A

36 weeks

28 days

less than 1500 g

40
Q

What is the goal of treatment of BPD in preterm newborns?

A

maintain PAO2 >55

Sat > 94%

41
Q

For BPD, maintenance of adequate oxygenation is necessary to prevent or treat ____ adn to promote lung tissue growth and remodeling of pulmonary vascular bed.

A

cor pulmonale

42
Q

In preterm newborns/kids with a history of mechanical ventilation, an ETT of what size should be chosen?

A

1-0.5 sizes smaller

43
Q

Why do you need to decrease ETT size in kids/neonates with hx mechanical ventilation?

A

b/c subglottic stenosis may be present

44
Q

Why should you establish deep plane of anesthesia in preterm newborn?

A

airway hyperreactivity is likley

45
Q

BPD - adequate O2 should be delivered to maintain a PAO2 of ____

A

50-70

Anesthesia Principles (10 decks)

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