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History Paper 1 > Peacmaking 1918-1919 And The League Of Nations > Flashcards

Peacmaking 1918-1919 And The League Of Nations Flashcards

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0
Q

Causes of the manchurian crisis, 1931-33:

A

Japan, a rising power in Asia, had developed quickly into a modern trading nation.

Wall Street crash had major impact on Japanese economy

Protectionist policies in the USA and other countries led to a loss in trade

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1
Q

Paris Peace Conference:

A

Paris Peace conference followed by Paris Peace conference where a peace treaty would be discussed.

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2
Q

Aims of Woodrow Wilson:

A

Ideas influenced by the fourteen points.

Did not want to impose a harsh treaty as this would lead to Germany wanting revenge

Two aims: self determination, international co-operation

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3
Q

The big three:

A

George Clemenceau of France

Woodrow Wilson of the USA

David Lloyd George of Great Britain

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4
Q

Aims of George Clemenceau:

A

Under pressure from French people to make Germany suffered as France had lost 1 million people.

Wanted to prevent future threats of German invasion

Wanted harsh treaty that would punish Germany

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5
Q

Aims of David Lloyd George:

A

British people wanted a harsh peace treaty and he had promised that he would make Germany pay

He feared a harsh treaty as might lead to a German desire for war

Wanted Britain and Germany to begin trading again

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6
Q

The fourteen points:

A

President Wilson of the USA ideas included:

  • Reduction in arms
  • self determination
  • independence for Belgium
  • France to reign Alsace-Lorraine
  • Poland to become independent state
  • a League of Nations set up to settle disputes between countries by peaceful means
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7
Q

Strengths of the Treaty of Versailles:

A

Brought peace to Europe and set up international organisation

Lenient towards the Germans which remained one country with a population of 60 million compared to the 40 million of France

Germany imposed much harsher treaty on Russia, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918. Russia lost nearly one-third of its land area.

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8
Q

Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles:

A

Left Germany with a number of grievances

Germans can not afford to make the reparations payments

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9
Q

German reactions to the treaty:

A

Feelings of injustice

Reparations

Loss of territory

War guilt cause

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10
Q

What happened to the German armed forces as a result of the Treaty of Versailles:

A

Army limited to 100,000

Conscription banned. Soldiers had to be volunteers

Germany not allowed armoured vehicles, submarines or military aircraft

Navy could only have 6 battleships and thirty smaller ships

Rhineland had to be demilitarised zone

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11
Q

Who did Germany have to pay reparations to as a result of the treaty of Versailles:

A

Germany had to pay compensation to France, Britain and Belgium for damaged caused by war

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12
Q

How much were the reparations decided by the Allies for the treaty of Versailles:

A

6,600 million pounds was set up by a reparations commission in 1921

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13
Q

What does Anschluss mean:

A

The joining together of Austria and Germany which was forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles

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14
Q

Why was the League of Nations set up:

A

As an international ‘police force’.

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15
Q

Why were Germany not invited to join the League:

A

It had to prove it was a peace loving country

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16
Q

At the Treaty of Versailles loss of territories was agreed this meant that:

A

German lands and territories would be rearranged

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17
Q

Who did Alsace Lorraine go to:

A

France

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18
Q

What did the Rhineland become:

A

A demilitarised zone

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19
Q

Who got North Schleswig:

A

Denmark after a vote

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20
Q

Who received the Saar Land:

A

Saar land run by League of Nations and then a plebiscite to be held after 15 years

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21
Q

Who received West Prussia and Posen:

A

Poland

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22
Q

Who received Upper Silesia:

A

Poland

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23
Q

Who received Danzig:

A

Became a free city run by League of Nations.

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24
Q

Why was Danzig a free city run by the League:

A

To give Poland a sea port

25
Q

What did the Covenant of the League do:

A

Laid out the aims of the League

26
Q

What was in the Covenant of the League:

A

Prevent aggression by any nation

Encourage co-operation between nations

Work towards international disarmament

Improve the living and working conditions of all people

27
Q

What was the League of Nations built upon:

A

The idea of collective security.

28
Q

What does the Leagues idea of collective security mean:

A

That the members of the League could prevent war by acting together to protect and defend the interests of all nations.

29
Q

When was the League of Nations set up:

A

In 1920

30
Q

When the league was created how many members were there:

A

42 original member countries

31
Q

How many members of the League were they by 1930:

A

Membership had increased to nearly 60

32
Q

Who were not members of the League of Nations:

A

The USA, who refused to join

The defeated nations - including Germany who at first were not allowed to join

Russia, who was not allowed to join because of its Communist government

33
Q

What was the first major challenge to the League of Nations:

A

The Manchurian Crisis, 1931-33

34
Q

What happened in 1931 in relation to the Manchurian Crisis:

A

Japanese used the excuse of an attack by Chinese troops on a Japanese railway to invade the Chinese territory of Manchuria.

35
Q

Why did Japan invade Manchuria:

A

Wanted to expand

36
Q

Why was Manchuria a good place to invade:

A

Rich in natural resources and raw materials.

Provided a market for Japanese goods.

37
Q

Was the Japanese’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931 a success:

A

It was a success and Manchuria was renamed Manchukuo

38
Q

Why was China unable to defend Manchuria:

A

China was In the middle of a civil war

39
Q

Who did the Chinese appeal to:

A

Chinese appealed to the League of Nations for support against the Japanese

40
Q

What did the League do as a response to China’s appeal:

A

Sent a commission, the Lytton Commission, to investigate the crisis

41
Q

What was the Lytton Commission like:

A

Commission was very slow and took over a year to investigate, by which time the invasion and occupation had been completed.

42
Q

What did the League do after the findings of the Lytton Commission:

A

Condemned the actions of the Japanese, and asked the Japanese to withdraw from the province.

43
Q

What did the Japanese do as a result of the Leagues findings:

A

Japanese left the League and remained in control of Manchuria

44
Q

What were the results of the Manchurian Crisis on the League:

A

Britain and France not willing to support the League in taking action against the Japanese

League had failed to prevent aggression. This encouraged later aggression by Italy and Germany

45
Q

When was the Abyssinian Crisis:

A

1935

46
Q

Who invaded Abyssinia:

A

Italian troops invaded the African country of Abyssinia

47
Q

Why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia:

A

He wanted to increase Italy’s prestige as a world power by increasing its territories in Africa.

The Italians wanted revenge for a humiliating defeat by the Abyssinians at the Battle of Adowa, 1896

48
Q

Why was Abyssinia unique:

A

Abyssinia was one of the few countries in Africa not under European control

49
Q

Who appealed to the League for assistance after Abyssinia was invaded:

A

Emperor of Abyssinia, Haile Selassie.

50
Q

How did the League react to Haile Selassie’s appeal for assistance:

A

Condemned Italian aggression and imposed economic sanctions against Italy.

51
Q

What did the Leagues sanctions against Italy fail to include:

A

Oil - meaning Italy continued to trade with non-League members such as the USA.

52
Q

Why did the League put limited sanctions on Italy in Abyssinia:

A

France and Britain did not want to offend Mussolini and drive him closer to Hitler and Germany

53
Q

What did Britain and France do to keep Mussolini onside:

A

British Foreign secretary worked out a plan with France, known as the Hoare-Laval Pact.

54
Q

What did the Hoare-Laval Pact offer:

A

Offered most of Abyssinia to Mussolini

55
Q

Why did the Hoare-Laval Pact have to be withdrawn:

A

When it was leaked to the public

56
Q

What were the effects of the Abyssinian crisis on the league:

A

Resulted in the end of the League as a peace keeping organisation as it could no longer be taken seriously.

57
Q

What did the Abyssinian crisis show about the League:

A

That League members were not willing to use force to stop aggression

58
Q

What did the Hoare-Laval Pact show:

A

The secret deal showed that Britain and France were undermining the League

59
Q

Reasons for the collapse of the League:

A

Lacked key members

Seen as an exclusive club

League had no army

Little money or attention available for world problems that seemed distant

60
Q

What does veto mean:

A

The right to block a decision made by others

History Paper 1 (4 decks)

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