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History 2 > Peacemaking and the League of Nations > Flashcards

Peacemaking and the League of Nations Flashcards

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1
Q

How many delegates attended the Paris Peace Conference?

A

32

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2
Q

Who didn’t attend the conference?

A
  1. Russia (civil war)

2. Defeated powers

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3
Q

What did Clemenceau want?

A
  1. Disarm the Germans
  2. Regain Alsace and Lorraine
  3. Make Germany pay the cost of the war
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4
Q

Why did Clemenceau want what he wanted?

A
  1. War had been fought on French soil

2. Industry and agriculture of north-west France had been ruined

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5
Q

What did Lloyd George want?

A
  1. Preserve the supremacy of the British naxy

2. Prevent too harsh a settlement

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6
Q

Why did Lloyd George not want to punish Germany too harshly?

A
  1. German economy was needed for trade

2. Germany could turn to Communism

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7
Q

Why did Lloyd George have to do what he did?

A

The punishment of Germany was key to his election campaign.

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8
Q

When were Wilson’s Fourteen Points published?

A

January 1918

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9
Q

Why were the Germans shown less mercy during the settlement?

A

They treated Russia harshly during the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 1918.

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10
Q

What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk force Russia to do?

A
  1. Give up a lot of land

2. Pay a huge war indemnity

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11
Q

Why did Wilson not want to punish Germany?

A
  1. USA had only been in the war since 1917 - didn’t understand anger
  2. USA didn’t want to have anything to do with Europe - not necessarily going to sign treaty
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12
Q

What was the last of the Fourteen Points?

A

The League of Nations

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13
Q

What important lands did Germany lose?

A
  1. Alsace and Lorraine
  2. Saar Coalfield (to be a plebiscite in 15 years)
  3. Independent Poland restored
  4. Anschluss forbidden
  5. Colonies taken as mandates
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14
Q

What military restrictions were imposed on Germany?

A
  1. Army limited to 100 000 men
  2. Navy 15 000 men, 6 battleships and no submarines
  3. No tanks or military aircraft
  4. No conscription
  5. Rhineland demilitarised
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15
Q

Which part was the war guilt clause?

A

Article 231

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16
Q

How much were the reparations?

A

£6600 million

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17
Q

Why was the Treaty seen as good?

A
  1. War had caused a lot of damage
  2. Germany had to be made weaker to prevent another war
  3. Politicians stayed in power - public wanted revenge
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18
Q

Why was the Treaty seen as bad?

A
  1. Germans left angry - could cause another war
  2. Treaty wouldn’t help trade
  3. Peacemakers faced pressure at home
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19
Q

Why did the Germans hate the Treaty?

hint: FRIMDGED DCD

A
  1. Couldn’t afford reparations
  2. Lost industrial areas - can’t rebuild
  3. Lost pride without army
  4. Other countries weren’t disarming
  5. Did not accept defeat
  6. Didn’t accept war guilt
  7. Economic crisis
  8. Lost colonies
  9. Often lived under foreign rule
  10. Diktat - forced peace
20
Q

What membership problems did the League face?

A
  1. USA didn’t join (and it made the League)
  2. Germany wasn’t allowed to join - League of victors
  3. USSR wasn’t invited
21
Q

What did the Covenant of the League include?

A
  1. No secret treaties
  2. Reduction and control of arms
  3. Collective security
22
Q

What was collective security?

A

If one state attacked another, all the members would join together and act against the aggressor.

23
Q

Which early disputes did the League solve?

A
  1. Germany v Poland, Upper Silesia 1921
  2. Sweden v Finland, Aaland Islands 1921
  3. Greece invaded Bulgaria 1925
24
Q

What other early successes did the League have?

A
  1. Refugees of WWI
  2. Combat spread of serious disease
  3. Fought against slavery
  4. Improved working conditions
25
Q

What problems faced the League?

A
  1. Organisation inefficient
  2. Economic sanctions ineffective after war (Wall Street Crash 1929)
  3. No standing army, most countries didn’t want to send troops
26
Q

What could the League do to solve problems?

A
  1. Moral condemnation - shame the country
  2. Economic sanctions - stop trade
  3. Military force - see collective security
27
Q

What agreements were made in the 1920s?

A

1924 Dawes Plan - USA lent money to Germany
1925 Locarno Treaties - Germany agreed to western borders
1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact - 65 countries agreed not to use force
1929 Young Plan - Reduced reparations by 75% (59 years to pay)

28
Q

What was the problem with the Dawes and Young plans?

A

Wall Street Crash wiped out any benefits.

29
Q

In what year did the Manchurian Crisis take place?

A

1931-33

30
Q

What happened in the Manchurian Crisis?

A
  1. (Alleged) explosion on South Manchurian railway
  2. Japan invaded Mukden
  3. Lytton Commission set up
  4. 1933 League condemned Japan, Japan left the League
31
Q

Why did the League not act against Japan in the Manchurian Crisis?

A
  1. Japan’s main trading partner was USA - not in League
  2. Economic issues - no one wanted to be involved
  3. Britain wasn’t prepared to risk its fleet in the Far East
  4. France had no intention of sending troops to the Far
    East
  5. Nearest country was USSR - not in League
32
Q

What did the Lytton Commission find?

A
  1. China’s rule was chaotic, but Japanese invasion condemned

2. Manchuria should be a self-governed state

33
Q

How did Japan continue after the Manchurian Crisis?

A

1933 - took Jehol
1936 - treaty with Germany
1937 - invaded China

34
Q

What kind of leadership did Benito Mussolini hold?

A

Fascist dictatorship

35
Q

Why did Italy invade Abyssinia?

A
  1. Defeat by Abyssinia in 1896
  2. Raw materials and rich pastureland
  3. Mussolini had seen the Manchurian Crisis - could get away with it
  4. Rebuild empire for popularity
36
Q

In what year did the Abyssinian Crisis take place?

A

1935-36

37
Q

What happened in the Abyssinian Crisis?

A

Mussolini invaded and the Abyssinian leader directly appealed to the League of Nations

38
Q

How did the League react to the Abyssinian Crisis?

A

Limited economic sanctions, but important resources weren’t sanctioned

39
Q

Why did the League do little in the Abyssinian Crisis?

A
  1. Britain and France didn’t want to close Suez Canal - lose Stresa Front
  2. Britain didn’t want to sanction coal because of industry unemployment
  3. Oil sanctions weren’t placed and the USA continued to supply oil to Italy
40
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval Pact?

A

Italy given two-thirds of Abyssinia

41
Q

Why did the Hoare-Laval Pact not happen?

A

News leaked out but it was too unpopular in Britain, so Hoare was forced to resign.

42
Q

When was the Hoare-Laval Pact suggested?

A

December 1935

43
Q

When did Italy leave the League?

A

1937

44
Q

What did the Abyssinian Crisis mark?

A
  1. The end of the League of Nations as a means of keeping peace.
  2. The end of the Stresa Front
45
Q

What marked the end of the Stresa Front?

A

1936 Rome-Berlin Axis (Japan 1937)

1937 Italy left League

History 2 (3 decks)

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