Peace Treaties 1919-23 Flashcards
End of war characteristics
15million killed, European economy in ruin and empires collapsed
Treaty of V when
Jan 1919
32 country’s delegates
Meet in Paris- palace of Versailles
Big three?
Clemenceau
Lloyd George
Wilson
Clemenceau aims
French security Punish Germany severely Permanent disarmament V high reps Return of Alsace Lorraine Rhineland as an independent state Saar basin to be transferred to France
Wilson’s aims
Fair and lasting peace Prevent Germany from seeking revenge Self determination 14 points International cooperation (league)
Lloyd George’s aims
Share of g’s colonies
Economic revival of Europe and Germany for trade
Reduce spread of communism
Maintain strength of British navy and colonies
Persuade Clemenceau to not make France the most dominant power
World war 1 ending
Nov 1918
French war experience
2/3 of army killed
Western front destroyed
Been invaded by G in 1870
USA’s experience of war
Better
Too far away
Only at the end
Not motivated by revenge but was an idealist who wanted to make the works safe
Britain’s war experience
> 1 million suffered British public demanded revenge No great threat from Germany Biggest navy Wanted a trading partner
Differences in aims?
Public pressure
Threat from G
Individual goals (conflicted)
Treaty of V terms
White. War guilt Rabbits. Reps Get- To. German colonies and terr Alice. Armed forces Late League of Nations
Reparations
£6.6bn
Young plan in 1929
Armed forces
10,000 men Conscription was banned No armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft Only 6 battleships Rhineland demilitarised
Rhineland
Demilitarised zone
Allied army on West Bank of the Rhine for 15yrs
League of Nations
An international police force was to be set up to prevent future wars
Anschluss
Germany and its former ally Austria were not allowed to unite
Alsace Lorraine
Returned to France
Danzig
Become a free city administered by the League of Nations. Poland could use the port and the strip of land known as the ‘polish corridor’
Eupen, Malmedy, moresnet
To Belgium
North Schleswig
To Denmark
W Prussia, Posen and parts of upper Silesia
To Poland
Memel
To Lithuania
Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
Independent states
German colonies
Became mandates of the League of Nations (gb and French control)
Treaty of st German
1919 Austria Separated A from Hungary Army restricted to 30 000 Bohemia and Moravia to Czechoslovakia Bosnia and Croatia to Yugoslavia
Treaty of Neuilly
1919 Bulgaria List land to Greece Romania and Yugoslavia Limited to 20 000 soldiers Paid £100m in reps
Treaty of Trianon
1920 Hungary Transylvania to Romania Slovakia and Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia Slovenia and Croatia to Yugoslavia
3mill Hungarians in other stars and H’s industries suffered greatly
Treaty of Sevres
1920
Turkey
Smyrna to Greece
Syria mandate under French control
Lost control of Black Sea
Except parts of empire as independent/ under F or GB control (Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia)
Controversial- Turks outraged and nationalists took back Smyrna.
Opinions of France
Overall satisfied
Reps repair French damage
Protect France (Rhineland)
France got Alsace Lorraine and colonies
But
Not severe enough for public- out if office
G not weak enough
Didn’t gain enough land
Opinions of US
Self determination
League set up
Too harsh economic policies
Not all fourteen points (freedom of the seas)
Us gov would not sign League of Nations
Opinions of GB
Moderate French demands
Limited G navy
Resisted freedom of the seas
Took some of G colonies
Still v harsh
Trading impossible
Didn’t want to be controlled by league
Difficult to satisfy all?
Aims often conflicted
Compromises had to be made (security levels varied + harshness also)
Diff in public opinion and leader’s decisions- unable to do the best thing due to public pressure
German opinion
Horrified! Not started war Reps were unreasonable Disarmament was humiliating Lost 50% of iron and steel industry Self determination not allowed- Austria Uninvited to league- insulting
Treaty motivated by revenge?
Excessive reps
Humiliating loss of armaments- lack if defence
Unfair double standards
- self d
- treaty of st Germain was much less harsh
- war guilt
