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IGCSE History > Peace Treaties > Flashcards

Peace Treaties Flashcards

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1
Q

George Clemenceau and his aims

A
  • France had felt threatened by Germany since 1870
  • had suffered huge losses during WW1
  • French wanted to cripple Germany forever, revenge, Clemenceau had to listen to public
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2
Q

Woodrow Wilson and his aims

A
  • idealist
  • didn’t want Germany punished too harshly
  • NOTE: USA had suffered relatively little in WW1
  • wanted international coop. to achieve world peace
  • 14 points (including LoN)
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3
Q

Lloyd George and his aims

A
  • middle ground
  • wanted Germany to lose navies + colonies to protect British Empire
  • wanted to resume trade with Germany
  • wanted to avoid future War
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4
Q

Clemenceau x Wilson conflict

A

Clemenenceau felt Wilson was being too lenient on Germany, publicly agreed with Wilson’s fair and lasting peace but once said even God only needed 10 commandments (didn’t publicly criticize 14 points)
Wilson backed down

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5
Q

Lloyd George x Woodrow Wilson conflict

A
  • in public, Lloyd George praised Wilson’s ideas, but in private he felt like Wilson came out as a missionary, hero to save Europe with sermons and lectures
  • George disagreed with point 2, allowing all nations see access, and felt self-determination would be bad for him
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6
Q

Lloyd George x Wilson agreements

A
  • Germany should be punished but not too harshly, didn’t want it to seek revenger and was concerned a harsh treaty might lead to communism
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7
Q

Land Term of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • lost African colonies
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia became independent states
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8
Q

Army Term of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • limited to 100 000 men
  • no conscription
  • only 6 battleships
  • Rhineland demilitarised
  • no aircraft/submarines/armoured vehicles
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9
Q

Money Term of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • 6.6 billion pounds in reparations
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10
Q

Blame Term of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • accept full responsibility for starting War
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11
Q

LoN Term of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • international ‘police force’ set up, Germany not invited to join
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12
Q

Terms of Treaty of Versailles

A

Land, Army, Money, Blame (LoN)

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13
Q

Impact of TofV on Germany

A
  • new German gvt, led by Ebert was fragile and agreement to treaty caused chaos in Germany
  • Kapp Putsch, attempt to overthrow gvt failed
  • By 1922, Germany fell behind with reparations
  • France invaded Ruhr to claim money, German workers sent to go on strike, French killed workers, worsened economy
  • Germany economy collapsed, tried to print more money, hyperinflation
  • Germans blamed TofV
  • November 1923, Munich Putsch (political violence and instability, threat to Weimar)
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14
Q

Statistics 1923 Germany

A
  • Egg in Nov 1923: 80 billion marks
  • What might’ve bought a house in 1921 could not buy a loaf of bread in 1923
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15
Q

German reaction to TofV

A
  • horror and revulsion
  • many felt they hadn’t been defeated
  • Ebert didn’t want to sign, but if he didn’t, War would resume
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16
Q

German reaction to war guilt and reparations

A
  • unfair: didn’t feel they were to blame or at least shared blame
  • bitter it was expected to pay for all war damage although its economy was weakened and it lost land
17
Q

German reaction to disarmament

A
  • why was Germany only major power to disarm?
  • Wilson’s 14 points called for disarmament, but no allies were asked/forced to disarm in the same way
  • army too small for Germany’s size, also symbol of pride
18
Q

German reaction to LoN + diplomacy

A
  • insulted to not be invited
  • blow to pride and economy
  • Germany was losing colonies, but B + F increasing empires taking control of former Germany African territories
  • angry to not be represented and peace talks and forced to accept, many though Germany did not even lose
19
Q

Clemenceau’s thoughts on the TofV

A

he was accused by French of not being harsh enough, voted out of office in 1920

20
Q

Lloyd George’s thoughts on the TofV

A
  • popular among Brits
  • he himself described it as a ‘great pity’ as he thought it was too harsh and would lead to future problems
21
Q

Wilson’s thoughts on TofV

A
  • dissappointed, said if he were German he wouldn’t have signed it, US Congress didn’t approve and refused to join LoN
22
Q

Historian’s view of TofV

A
  • it led to WW2 as it was too harsh, led to election of fascist regime in Germany
  • at the time, most outside Germany agreed with it and thought it fair
  • B +F public opinion wouldn’t have accepted less harsh
  • reality: impossible to please everyone, in circumstances they probably did the best job possible

IGCSE History (2 decks)

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