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INTERWAR YEARS > peace-making > Flashcards

peace-making Flashcards

1
Q

how many european lives were lost during wwi?

A

~10 million

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2
Q

what was the state of the international community at the end of WWI?

A
  • 1917 Russian Communist revolution was causing global panic
  • 1918 economic disaster
  • 4 empires had collapsed (only england and france had kept theirs) = diminishing imperialism, new independence (i.e. Czechoslovakia, Poland) , and nationalism
  • displaced peoples and refugees
  • flu pandemics
  • unstable politics: nazis, communists, 1922 Italian fascism
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3
Q

what was the armistice?

A

an agreement signed by representatives of France, Great Britain and Germany to end fighting as a prelude to peace negotiations.

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4
Q

where was The Armistice signed?

A

Ferdinand Foch’s (Chief of Staff of the French Army) railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne, about 37 miles (60 km) north of Paris.

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5
Q

when did the armistice begin?

A

11th November 1918 at 11am - the Armistice itself was agreed 6 hours earlier at 5am

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6
Q

what were the main terms of the armistice?

A
  • All fighting was to cease at 11am.
  • Germany was ordered to give up 2,500 heavy guns, 2,500 field guns, 25,000 machine guns, 1,700 aeroplanes and all submarines and to hand over their High Seas Fleet. (warships)
  • Immediate release of all French, British and Italian prisoners of war
  • Immediate removal of all German troops from France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Alsace-Lorraine within 14 days and the area to the west of the Rhine.
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7
Q

what were woodrow wilson’s aims?

A
  • wanted to prevent any future wars
  • wanted a reorganisation of European boundaries and Self-determination for all peoples
  • to set up a League of Nations.
  • believed that Germany should not be punished too harshly as they would then want revenge.
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7
Q

what were clemenceau’s aims?

A
  • Punishment & revenge - to see Germany pay for the suffering that had happened.
  • Recover losses and reparations - wanted land and money
  • Protection – reduction of Germany’s power & armed forces - wanted to see Germany made weak so that they could not attack France again.
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8
Q

what were lloyd george’s aims?

A
  • wanted Germany to be punished but not too harshly (like Wilson he did not want Germany to seek revenge in the future) - wanted to reduce the risk of another war
  • Maintain British naval supremacy
  • Retain a trade relationship with Germany - needed a stable Germany (ie strong economy) to trade with
  • Revenge and reparations for the people of Britain - pressure at home to make Germany pay – calls of “Hang the Kaiser” and “Make Germany Pay” - so whilst this conflicted with a strong german economy, if he had been too soft he would have been voted out as PM.
  • Reduce the German Empire, preserve the British Empire
  • wary of communism, so wanted germany to be stable as a barrier from russia
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8
Q

what were some disagreements between the big 3?

A
  • Wilson wanted freedom on the big seas, but Lloyd George wanted naval supremacy
  • Wilson believed in self-determination but Lloyd George wanted the British Empire to remain
  • Wilson was an idealist but Clemenceau just wanted revenge
  • Clemenceau wanted to reduce Germany’s armament but Lloyd George wanted Germany to be strong enough to act as a buffer for Russia and communism
  • Clemenceau wanted huge reparations but Lloyd George wanted a stable Germany to trade with, and both Lloyd George and Wilson did not want Germany to see revenge
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9
Q

list as many of wilson’s 14 points as you can

A
  • no secret treaties
  • free access to the seas in peacetime or wartime
  • free trade between countries
  • all countries to work towards disarmament
  • colonies to have a say in their own future
  • german troops to leave russia
  • indpependence for belgium
  • france to regain alsace-lorraine
  • frontier between austria and italy to be adjusted
  • self-determination for the people of eastern europe
  • serbia to have access to the sea
  • self-determination for the people in the turkish empire
  • poland to become an independent state with access to the sea
  • league of nations to be set up
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10
Q

when were wilson’s foruteen points published and why is this important?

A

January 1918; WWI had not ended yet so this means that germany knows what kind of terms they would be given if they lost the war (on the other hand, this is only USA’s opinnion)

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11
Q

what were wilson’s 14 points?

A

his aims for peace - the American Blueprint - and a starting point for negotiations

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12
Q

which of wilson’s points would other countries have disagreed with?

A
  • ‘free access to the seas in peacetime or wartime’: Britain wanted to control the seas therefore this point may challenge Britain’s empire and trading and naval powers
  • ‘all countries to work towards disarmament’: would affect Britain, France, Portugal, the Netherlands too - these countries either want to protect their empire or be ‘safe’ from Germany
  • ‘colonies to have a say in their own future’: any countries with an empire (i.e. france and britain) don’t want to lose it
  • ‘self-determination for the people of eastern europe’: before the war, there were 3 empires which are now gone - the borders of these new countries will be hard to decide
  • ‘poland to become an independent state with access to the sea’: this will cut Germany in two and give millions of Germans to Poland (not self-determination - hypocrisy)
  • ‘league of nations to be set up’: potential for resentment (ie not invited) and clashes with self-interest
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13
Q

what were the land changes due to the treaty of versailles?

A
  • overall, 13% of land and 10% of population was lost - 6 million people
  • all german colonies became mandates of the League of Nations
  • North Schleswig given to Denmark
  • Eupen-Malmedy given to Belgium
  • Rhineland demilitarised and Allied army to occupy it for 15 years
  • Alsace-Lorraine given to France (which had lost it to Germany in 1871)
  • Saar coalfields given to France for 15 years
  • Danzig was a free city run by the League of Nations
  • Poland was given a corridor to the Baltic Sea, cutting off East Prussia from Germany
  • Posen (rich farmland) given to Poland
  • Germany forbidden to join with Austria (Anschluss )
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14
Q

what were the military changes due to the treaty of versailles?

A
  • army limited to 100,000 men
  • navy limited to 15,000 sailors and 6 battleships
  • no air force or submarines
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15
Q

what were the reparations in the treaty of versailles?

A

£6.6 billion to cover war damages and other Allied losses

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16
Q

how was the League of Nations set up in the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • first 26 articles of the Treaty set out the Covenant of the League of Nations
  • Germany and Russia were not allowed to join
  • America’s congress voted not to sign the treaty or join the league
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17
Q

what were the 5 main areas of the treaty of versailles?

A

War Guilt Clause (Article 231), military, territorial, reparations, LoN

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18
Q

how did the War Guilt Clause (Article 231) impact germany and international relations?

A
  • accept total responsibility for staring the war meant that they were pinned down and had nowhere to go
  • increased interior tensions - angry civilians tend to re-radicalise - created political instability
  • confirmed the stab in the back myth - used by hitler to gain support - germany felt humiliated and this increased right wing nationalism
  • increased international tensions and anger, making it harder to get along
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19
Q

how did Military changes impact germany and international relations?

A
  • gave germany fear of invasion
  • humiliation
  • created unemployment, leading to economical failure, leading to poverty, leading to disease which all create political instability
  • other countries now feel less threatened
  • germany felt this was unfair as other countries did not have to disarm
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20
Q

how did Reparations impact germany and international relations?

A
  • led to hyperinflation
  • financially ruined = politically unstable
  • international tensions rise and resentment breeds - germany was expected to pay a huge amount despite having so much land taken away
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21
Q

how did Territorial changes impact germany and international relations?

A
  • loss of income - financially ruined - politically unstable
  • loss of population - anger at hypocrisy
  • other countries got stronger i.e. poland
  • this territorial loss could e argued to have led to the eventual invasion of poland
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22
Q

how did League of Nations impact germany and international relations?

A

humiliation and distrust - poisoning germany’s relations with other countries

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23
Q

was woodrow wilson’s aim of self-determination achieved by the ToV?

A

yes: many small nations that had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were given independence
No: parts of the German Empire were given to the LoN as mandates but, in reality, britain and france ran them (sham)

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24
Q

was woodrow wilson’s aim of the LoN achieved by the ToV?

A

yes: it was created and 42 countries joined
no: as usa was isolationist the american senate refused to join, undermining collective security

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25
Q

was woodrow wilson’s aim to prevent future wars achieved by the ToV?

A

yes: countries who joined the LoN agreed to work together to keep peace in the future
no: Wilson feared the ToV was so harsh that Germany would seek revenge in another war

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26
Q

was Lloyd George’s aim of revenge and reparations for the people of britain achieved by ToV?

A

yes: they received reparations to help rebuild, even though little damage had been done on british soil and the war guilt clause pleased the british people
no: worried it was too harsh and germany would seek revenge

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27
Q

was Lloyd George’s aim to maintain naval supremacy achieved by ToV?

A

YES: germany military and navy all but destroyed

28
Q

was Lloyd George’s aim to retain a trade relationship with germany achieved by ToV?

A

NO: german economy crippled by war effort, repairs and reparations and so germany wasn’t in a strong position to trade with anyone. John Maynard Keynes (british economist) said that the reparations would destroy the economies of europe

29
Q

was Lloyd George’s aim to reduce the german empire, preserve the british empire achieved by ToV?

A

YES: at end of WWI, empire was bigger than it had ever been before as they gained territory from the german empire

30
Q

was Lloyd George’s aim reduce the risk of another war achieved by ToV?

A

NO: felt ToV so harsh that Britian would have to fight another war in 25 years time and the cost would be double that of the first

31
Q

was Clemenceau’s aim for punishment and revenge achieved by Tov?

A

yes: germany had to accept war guilt which damaged their pride and made them an international laughing stock.
no: most french people wanted germany destroyed, no just weakened and felt clemenceau hadn’t given them the extent of revenge they wanted so voted him out of office at the next election

32
Q

was Clemenceau’s aim for protection achieved by Tov?

A

yes: rhineland demilitarised, germany military reduced, Anschluss forbidden
no: clemenceau felt germany should not be allowed an army at all and people wanted an independent rhineland, not just demilitarised

33
Q

was Clemenceau’s aim to recover losses and reparations achieved by Tov?

A

yes: reparations set, french gained the saar coal for 15 years
no: many people felt they should have been given the saar for good and it is estimated WWI cost France 200 billion Francs and the reparations were far less than this

34
Q

what were british people’s reactions to the ToV?

A
  • Propaganda during the war taught the British to hate the Germans. Lots of soldiers had been killed or wounded
  • British people generally thought the Treaty was fair, and could have been even harsher
  • Lloyd George was hailed as a hero, and newspapers said that Britain would never be threatened by Germany again
35
Q

what were french people’s reactions to the ToV?

A
  • Many people in France were very angry and believed that the treaty was not harsh enough and that Germany should suffer as much as France had during the war
  • People felt Clemenceau hadn’t done enough to get revenge for France and he was voted out of office
  • There were a few terms that the people of France liked, such as gaining control of the Saar and its coalfields for 15 years
36
Q

what were american people’s reactions to the ToV?

A
  • USA had only joined the war in 1917 and no fighting took place on US soil, so Americans did not want revenge or compensation in the same way that the British and French did
  • Many people felt that the Treaty was too harsh, including Wilson
  • USA wanted to follow a policy of isolationism
  • The US Senate refused to approve the treaty or to allow the USA to join the League of Nations
37
Q

what were german people’s reactions to the ToV?

A
  • Kaiser had been forced to abdicate before the treaty was signed; uncertainty about how the country would be run.
  • People felt that the person who was responsible for the war (Kaiser) had been punished, so there was no need for further punishment
  • hated the diktat and that they weren’t allowed to negotiate
  • felt vulnerable: were hated by old enemies and without a large army to defend themselves they could be easily attacked. Even small countries such as Czechoslovakia and Poland had bigger armies and could be a threat. Germany had a proud a military tradition which the Treaty attacked.
  • military had provided jobs for many young men – this was now taken away.
38
Q

what were the strengths of the treaty of versailles?

A
  • did manage to vaguely put europe back together in ~6 months despite different views (eg communism, nationalism) and the collapse of empires and a flu pandemic
  • first attempt to bring peace on such a large scale and this is, at least, a workable solution
  • League of Nations was set up which fundamentally changed the way countries interacted, and acted as a system for further peace (in theory)
  • Germany was dealt with, and it had been an aggressor country so it needed to be, and this helped keep france secure
  • helped repair other countries
  • old crimes solved - i.e. alsace-lorraine
  • at least there was clarity
  • the Brest-Litovsk treaty that germany imposed on russia in march 1918 was harsher where 90% of their coal mines were taken, and a 1/3 of their land - and germany would have done the same to france
39
Q

what were the weaknesses of the treaty of versailles?

A
  • created resentment and humiliation
  • germany was financially ruined
  • created political instability in germany
  • loss of population
  • only germany disarmed
  • war guilt clause was not fair - making this the lynch pin of the treaty undermines it all
  • germany now susceptible to revolution - internal and external
  • depriving germany of an air force was unfair - depriving them of new technology
  • america didn’t sign it and many british delegates thought it was too harsh
40
Q

what were the main reasons for german outrage during the peace conference?

A
  • ‘big three’ - three people controlling the whole world
  • became a marketplace
  • diktat - forced to sign something they weren’t allowed to even discuss or sit in the meetings
41
Q

what are some examples of how the paris peace conference became a ‘marketplace’?

A
  • thousands of people arrived to lobby the big three, to try to get a hand out in the final treaty
  • Arab and Zionist Jewish delegations competed to get control of palestine (given to britain)
  • Queen Mary of Romania arrived in person and Romania was given Transylvania
  • 20 Ukrainians arrived and tried to get the big 3 to recognise ukraine as an independent country (they failed)
42
Q

when was the Treaty of St Germain?

A

10th September 1919

43
Q

who did the Treaty of St Germain affect?

A

Austria

44
Q

what were the land terms in the Treaty of St Germain?

A
  • lost land to italy, romania and poland (new country)
  • land taken to create Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
  • forbidden from uniting with germany
45
Q

what were the military terms in the Treaty of St Germain?

A

amount never fixed but were told to pay reparations

46
Q

what were the reparations in the Treaty of St Germain?

A
  • army limited to 30,000 men
  • no conscription
  • no navy
47
Q

what was the impact of the Treaty of St Germain?

A
  • italians did not feel they had been given enough land (had joined war in 1915 and promised to support Allies if they would be given land when the war was over
  • much of austria’s industry was in land given to czechoslovakia so they lost a lot of income and their economy collapsed in 1921
  • new states that were formed were a mix of different nationalities that often clashed
  • eastern europe now consists of lots of new, small states, rather than one powerful empire
48
Q

when was the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

27th November 1919

49
Q

who did the Treaty of Neuilly affect?

A

Bulgaria

50
Q

what were the land terms in the Treaty of Neuilly?

A
  • lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece and Romania
  • gained some land from Turkey
51
Q

what were the military terms in the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

-(Bulgaria) army limited to 20,000 and no conscription
- no air force
- 4 battle ships

52
Q

what were the reparations in the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

£100 million

53
Q

when was the Treaty of Trianon?

A

4th June 1920

54
Q

what was the impact of the Treaty of Neuilly?

A

-(Bulgaria) violation of self-determination
- the perceived harshness of the treaty was the main reason for the radicalization of large parts of Bulgarian society - rise of sharply opposing political and ideological movements
- Humanitarian crisis - Even before the peace treaty was signed, a wave of nearly 250,000 refugees headed for Bulgaria and after the Treaty of Lausanne the displacement continued, causing a large-scale humanitarian crisis in the country, as the Bulgarian state was already politically instable and economically weak
- strengthened bonds with Germany, as both countries sought ways to revise the terms of the Paris peace treaties.

55
Q

who did the Treaty of Trianon affect?

A

Hungary

56
Q

what was the impact of the Treaty of Trianon?

A
  • refugees - over 400,000 Hungarian refugees fled neighbouring states to settle within the new frontiers of Hungary and taking care of them heavily burdened the already unbalanced Hungarian budget
  • ~3 million other Hungarians remained in their homeland, and became foreign citizens after the frontier changes, became minorities in the successor states. Financial as well as political support was granted them by the Hungarian government throughout the interwar period.
  • atmosphere of sorrow, anger and hatred grew
  • increasing readiness to align her foreign policy with other countries who wanted to disrupt the Versailles system which brought Hungary close to the Axis Powers in the late 1930s
57
Q

what were the reparations in the Treaty of Trianon?

A

agreed that reparations should be set but amount not fixed and the economy collapsed so nothing ever paid

58
Q

what were the land terms in the Treaty of Trianon?

A

land lost to romania, czechoslovakia, yugoslavia and austria

59
Q

what were the military terms in the Treaty of Trianon?

A
  • (Hungary)army limited to 30,000 men and no conscription
  • only 3 patrol boats
60
Q

when was the Treaty of Sevres?

A

10th August 1920

61
Q

who did the Treaty of Sevres affect?

A

Turkey

62
Q

what was the impact of the Treaty of Sevres?

A
  • people so furious that they revolted and overthrew the government
  • new president threatened to fight allies over the treaty and the british weren’t prepared to fight another war, so agreed to overwrite the treaty with the treaty of lausanne
63
Q

what were the ‘other terms’ in the Treaty of Sevres?

A

turkey had controlled the dardanelles and bosphorous straits (important waterways linking Black Sea to Mediterranean) but now they had to open them up to other countries

64
Q

what were the land terms in the Treaty of Sevres?

A
  • lost to greece
  • lost all european land, except small area around capital of constaninople
  • ottoman empire split up
65
Q

what were the military terms in the Treaty of Sevres?

A
  • army restricted to 50,000 men
  • navy limited to 7 sail boats and 6 torpedo boats
  • allies allowed to keep troops in turkey
66
Q

when was the Treaty of Lausanne?

A

july 1923

67
Q

who did the Treaty of Lausanne affect?

A

Turkey

68
Q

what did the Treaty of Lausanne do?

A
  • turkey regained: some of the land given to greece, control of the dardanelles and bosphorous straits, right to decide how big their armed forces were
  • reparations cancelled
  • allied troops withdrawn
69
Q

what was the significance of sevres and lausanne?

A
  • proved that other treats were unenforceable; when a country rebelled against harsh terms, there wasn’t much that other countries could do as people were scared of returning to war, so were reluctant to use force to deal with broken treaties
  • undermined all the treaties; when the british agreed to make the treaty of lausanne, it looked like they were accepting that the original treaty was unfair
  • showed mussolini and hitler that they could get away with breaking international law as no one would stop them
  • it deepened resentment in germany

INTERWAR YEARS (3 decks)

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