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P&E- Peace and Justice > Peace and Justice > Flashcards

Peace and Justice Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the term ‘pacifism?

A

Opposition to war or violence as a means for settling disputes

-specifically: refusal to carry weapons on moral or religious grounds

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2
Q

Name 3 reasons why someone may identify as a pacifist?

A

Religious faith

Non-religious belief in the SofL

Practical belief- war is wasteful

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of pacifism?

A

Absolute pacifism

Conditional pacifism

Selective pacifism

Active pacifism

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4
Q

Outline the basic principles of absolute pacifism

A

Believes it’s never right to take part in war- even self- defence
-Think that the cost of human life is too high

Hard position to take- unwavering view= uncomfortable position

Usually basic principle

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5
Q

Outline the basic principles of conditional pacifism

A

Against war and violence in principle

BUT
accept circumstances where it’s better than the alternative

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6
Q

Outline the basic principles of selective pacifism

A

Only oppose wars involving weapons of mass destruction
- believe there are degrees of ‘bad’

– either because:
War is unwinnable
or
Uniquely devastating consequences

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7
Q

Outline the basic principles of active pacifism

A

May refuse to fight in wars
OR
some may help for good (e.g. drive ambulances)

–>conscientious objectors

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8
Q

What are the 2 arguments against pacifism?

Outline them

A

Pacifism can’t be national policy
Doesn’t work on national scale, naive to believe it would
BUT, UN plays part in spreading pacifism through international disputes

Just War
Because the world isn’t perfect, not all wars are wrong
-moral obligation to protect country?
pacifism has no place in the face of extreme evil

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9
Q

How many conscientious objectors were there in WW1?

A

16,000

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10
Q

How many conscientious objectors were there in WW2?

A

59,000

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11
Q

What’s the timeline of pacifism and JWT within Christianity?

A

Jesus- pacifist

Roman Empire adopts Christianity (300 AD)

Auqustine started JWT
- actions of RE didn’t fit w/ pacifist philosophy

Aquinas adds to conditions

UN adds to conditions

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12
Q

What are the conditions of Just War Theory?

A

1) Must be started by a proper authority
- - an organisation that doesn’t represent the people of an area can’t give up those people’s lives

2) Must have a good chance of success
- - wasteful otherwise

3) Must promote good over evil
- -fought w/ the intention to benefit lives

4) MUST use no more force than necessary
- -noble?

5) Must be last resort
- -can’t be a light decision

6) Must have a just cause/ good reason
- -wasteful otherwise

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13
Q

Why was Just War Theory made?

A

The actions of the Roman Empire didn’t fit with the pacifist ideals of the religion that they had adopted

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14
Q

What are the Christian arguments supporting pacifism?

A 
Sanctity of Life 
 - gift from God
Murder is wrong
- 'You shall not murder'
God doesn't want us to fight
- 'Blessed are the peacemakers, they will be called the children of God'
- 'For those who live by the sword die by the sword'
Jesus was a pacifist
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15
Q

What are the Christian arguments against pacifism?

A

We have the right to defend ourselves
Murder is different to killing
Soldiers could be considered peacemakers- ‘Blessed are the peacemakers…’
Sacrifice
- Jesus sacrificed himself, follow his example?
Jesus was a pacifist- BUT, he never addressed full war, only small conflicts
‘The Lord is a warrior’

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16
Q

What is the general Christian attitude to pacifism?

A

Quakers= pacifist

Most others= accept war as necessary evil
– have to follow JWT

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17
Q

How may a Christian put their beliefs about pacifism and conflict into action?

A

May join the army to help fight

Help those who are affected by war (e.g drive ambulances, relief work)

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18
Q

What are the conditions of a holy war?

A

Has a religious goal

Authorised by a religious leader

There will be a spiritual reward at the end

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19
Q

Who is a famous Christian who was against war?

A

Martin Luther King

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20
Q

Who is a famous Christian who supported war?

A

George Bush

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21
Q

What’s an example of a ‘just war’?

Why’s it considered just?

A

WW2

Used to fight evil– stop Nazi rule and persecution of millions of people

22
Q

What’s an example of an unjust war?

Why isn’t it considered just?

A

Iraq war

Was started on wrong information (research!!!)

23
Q

What is meant by the term ‘just war’?

A

A war that is deemed to be morally acceptable

24
Q

What is meant by the term conscientious objector?

A

A person that refuses to fight in a war because of moral or religious reasons

25
Q

What is meant by the term capital punishment?

A

The legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime

26
Q

What is meant by the term liberation theology?

A

A way of thinking that says that Christians should fight against injustice on behalf on the oppressed

27
Q

What is meant by the term social injustice?

A

When people/ groups of people are given less rights than other people/ groups of people

28
Q

What is meant by the term oppressed?

A

Being subject to harsh and authoritarian treatment

29
Q

What is meant by the term justice?

A

Just behaviour or treatment

30
Q

What is meant by the term equality?

A

Everyone having the same rights and being treated without discrimination

31
Q

What is meant by the term prejudice?

A

Pre-judging someone because of a trait that they have

32
Q

What is meant by the term discrimination?

A

Acting on prejudice and mistreating someone (superiority)

33
Q

What are the aims of punishment?

Give the meaning of it and an example of it used in the justice system

A

Deterrence
To stop criminals doing it again. To deter others from doing it
-death penalty (in theory, deters people form murder)
- harsh sentencing

Authority
To show the authority & command respect of the law
-London riots: harsh penalties for petty crimes

Protection
To protect people in society from the criminal’s behaviour
-Putting serial rapists in prisons stops them raping people

Even the score (RETRIBUTION)
To retaliate against the criminal for what they have done
-Death penalty

Reformation
 To try and change the criminal for the better to stop them re-offending
 -Education
 -Counselling
 -Gaining skills- employability

Reparation
To make the criminal pay back to society for their crime
-Community service

34
Q

What are the main differences between the Swedish and British prison systems?

A

Sweden= focus on rehabilitation
-prisoners treated well– idea that lack of freedom is punishment enough
‘people with needs’-given help since day 1 for overcoming issues that caused crime

Britain=focus on retribution
-prisoners locked in cells for large portions of the day-prisons understaffed
prison population rising
–tax payers paying more for prisons than most other western countries, system ineffective?

35
Q

What is the percentage of adults being re-convicted within a year of release from prison?

A

47%

36
Q

What is the percentage of under 18s being re-convicted within a year of release from prison?

A

73%

37
Q

What’s the annual average cost of a prisoner in England and Wales?

A

£37,648

38
Q

By how much has the prison population increased by in 19 years?

A

Nearly doubled

39
Q

What does the old testament of The Bible say about punishment?- (Leviticus)

What does this mean?

A

‘If anyone injures his neighbour, whatever he has done must be done to him…eye for an eye, tooth for tooth’

Punishment should be equal to offence

40
Q

What does the new testament of The Bible say about following the government?

A

‘Obey the government, for God is the one who put it there. All governments have been placed in power by God.’

41
Q

What from the new testament of The Bible shows Jesus’ attitude to punishment and the repenting of sins?

A

‘Anyone who does wrong will be repaid for his wrongs, and there is no favouritism’

42
Q

What are the main Christian attitudes to punishment?

A

Justice- Criminals should be treated justly too (Leviticus)

Reformation- Christians should have the opportunity to reform and repent

43
Q

What are the general Christian attitudes to capital punishment?

A

For (CATHOLIC)
‘Whoever sheds the blood of a man, by man shall his blood be shed’- Genesis
Protection for society is more important than reformation. CP protects those in society
Bible talks about death penalty, God allows it

Against (QUAKERS)
St Paul taught against retribution ‘Do not take revenge… For it is written vengeance is mine says the Lord’ (Romans)
Jesus taught about forgiving those who sin against us
—> God is the one who punishes and passes judgement
SofL

44
Q

What is meant by term ‘repented’?

A

To regret having done something wrong

45
Q

What is meant by term ‘compassion’?

A

An expression of care and concern for those in need

46
Q

What are some examples of social injustice?

A 
Racism
Sexism
Islamophobia
Fat-phobia
Ageism
Able-ism
Class-ism
47
Q

Name a few Christians that fought against social injustice

A

Elizabeth Fry
Mother Theresa
Martin Luther King

48
Q

What did Elizabeth Fry do to fight against social injustice?

What type of injustice did they fight against?

How did their beliefs help them in this work?

A

Campaigned for better prison conditions
Provided education to women inmates and their children

Treatment of criminals/ the poor

Following Jesus’ example of empathy- wanting to help those vulnerable in society

49
Q

What did Martin Luther King do to fight against social injustice?

What type of injustice did they fight against?

How did their beliefs help them in this work?

A

Campaigned for civil rights using non-violent protest

Racism in America

Inspired by Jesus to try and change things, believed in loving others

50
Q

What did Mother Theresa do to fight against social injustice?

What type of injustice did they fight against?

How did their beliefs help them in this work?

A

Helped the poor in India
Set up leper colony, orphanage and various clinics

Conditions the poor were living in

Had a religious experience- Jesus told her to dedicate her life to helping the needy

51
Q

What is the Christian attitude to social injustice?

A

Should make a difference if possible
– follow Jesus’ example
Always use peaceful methods
——LIBERATION THEOLOGY

P&E- Peace and Justice (1 decks)

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