PE unit 1 Anatomy & physiology Flashcards
What type of posture does a neutral spine give?
Good posture
What is ossification?
cells that supply calcium to developing bones
What are osteoblasts stimulated through?
exercise
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The end of every long bone
What is weight bearing?
bones will support the weight of your tissue mass
What does reducing friction help with?
The skeleton makes up many different joints in the body and its synovial fluid
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
What is two or more bones meeting also known as?
Articulation
What joint doesn’t move?
fixed joint
what is an example of a fixed joint?
Plates in the cranium
What do slightly moveable joints allow?
Slight movement
What is an example of a slightly moveable joint?
vertebrae
What is the most moveable joint?
synovial joint
What is the synovial joint vital to?
Sporting actions
What is an example of a synovial joint?
The knee joint
what is the most common type of joint in the body?
Synovial joint
What does cartilage prevent?
rubbing of joints
What do tendons connect?
muscles to bones
What does synovial fluid lubricate?
The joints allowing free movement
What do ligaments link?
Bones to bones
What do ball and socket joints allow?
movement in all directions
What is an example of a ball and socket joint movement?
Shoulders and hips in a tennis serve
What shape bone end do condyloid joints have?
oval shape bone end which fits into a similar shape
What do condyloid joints allow?
small movement in all directions
Where do gliding joints occur?
between the surfaces of two flat bones that are held together by ligaments
What are a few example of a gliding joint?
Bones in your wrist and ankles as well as the spine
What joints are saddle joints like?
Condyloid joints
What shape are the surfaces of saddle joints?
concave and convex
What is an example of a saddle joint?
bones at the base of the thumb
Where is the anterior part of the knee?
front of knee
Where is the posterior part of the knee?
back of knee
Where is the medial part of the knee?
centre of knee
where is the lateral part of the knee?
sides of the knee
Where is the proximal part of the knee?
close to (the source)
Where is the distal part of the knee?
away from (the source)
Where is the superior part of the knee?
above the knee?
Where is the inferior part of the knee?
below the knee
What is Flexion?
decrease in angle at a joint
What is extension movement?
Increase in angle (up to 180 degrees)
What is rotation movement?
Movement around an axis
What is circumduction movement?
conical movement
What is adduction movement?
towards the midline
What is abduction movement?
away from the midline
What is hyper-extension movement?
over 180 degrees
What is a flexion sporting example?
Tackling in rugby
what is an extension sporting example?
elbow movement when throwing in shot put
What is a rotation sporting example?
golf swing-hips and shoulder movement
What is a circumduction sporting example?
serving in tennis
What is an adduction sporting example?
swimming breaststroke
What is an abduction sporting example?
backhand in tennis
What is dorsiflexion?
backwards bending and contraction of hand or foot
What is an example of a dorsiflexion?
basketball free throw
What is plantar flexion?
pointing of the toe
what is an example of plantar flexion?
ballet dancers on tip toes
what is an agonist?
the contracting muscle responsible for causing movement
what is an antagonist?
the relaxing and lengthening muscle which allows the movement
what is a fixator
muscles stabilise the joints stopping any unwanted movement at the origin
what is a synergist?
muscles that support the agonists
what is the agonist in elbow flexion?
bicep
what is the antagonist in elbow flexion?
tricep
what is the agonist in elbow extension?
tricep
what is the antagonist in elbow extension?
bicep
what is the agonist in horizontal movement?
pectorals
What is the antagonist in horizontal movement?
the back
what do fixator muscles stabilise?
joints stopping any unwanted movement at the joint
what are the 4 types of muscular contraction?
isometric, isotonic, concentric, eccentric
what is isometric contraction?
when the muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening
what does isometric mean?
no movement
what is an isometric example?
a scrum in rugby
what is eccentric contraction?
when the muscle lengthens under tension
what do working muscles produce?
heat
What does pliable muscles mean?
less likely to suffer strains
what does muscle hypertrophy mean?
increased size of muscle because of overload
what does increased tendon strength mean?
connective tissue surrounding
what is lactate build up?
uncomfortable sensation in muscles
what is a micro tear?
resistance training involving weights will place the muscle under stress
what is DOMS?
delayed onset muscular system
what are the factors affecting the muscular system?
age, cramp
how does age affect the muscular system?
reduce strength and power
how does cramp affect the muscular system?
involuntary contraction of muscles can be prompted by exercise
When do isotonic contractions occur?
When there’s movement of the body
What causes the isotonic contractions?
The ends of the muscles move closer together
Where are cardiac muscles found?
In the heart wall
What do cardiac muscles depend on?
oxygen
What do cardiac muscles allow?
blood flow through the heart
where are smooth muscles found?
internal organs, digestive tract, blood vessels and lungs
what can smooth muscles work without?
oxygen
what do smooth muscles help aid and distribute?
aid- digestion
distribute - blood
where are skeletal muscles found?
around the body
