Pe term 2 test Flashcards by Sophie Bernes

Name the four main joints ?

Joint- the place where two bones meet

Fibrous joint- fused, immovable joint. Eg cranium

Cartilage joint- limited movement. Vertebral column

Synovial- maximum movement, held together by ligaments

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Name two joint fluids

Synovial fluid- acts as a lubricant and cushion

Hyaline cartilage- covering of the bones smooth shiny cartilage

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Name the two contraction

Isometric contractions- muscle contracts but no movement. Length muscle same

Isotonic contractions- muscle contracts producing enough force to move object

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Name two types of isotonic contractions

1) concentric contraction - muscle shortens and maintains its tension
2) eccentric contraction- muscle lengthens as contracts

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Agonist

Prime mover
Muscle that produces most force
Contracts and shortens

The muscle in “agony”

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Antagonist

Extends or lengthens

The muscle that relaxes

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stabilisers

Surrounding muscles that assist agonist

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How does the skeletal system help us ?

production of blood cells
protection of internal organs
storage of minerals
movement provides muscle with structure
supports so body doesn’t collapse

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What are bones made up of ?

Outer layer> strong, dense and tough
Inside layer> spongy bone, slightly flexible
Middle layer> jelly like bone marrow, calcium

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Name the joint actions

Flex ion 
Extension 
Abduction 
Adduction 
Inversion 
Eversion 
Rotation 
Circumduction 
Pronation 
Supernation
Dorsiflexion 
Plantarflexion

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Abduction?

Adduction?

Moving away from the Midline

Moving towards Midline

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Inversion ?

Eversion?

Rotation of the foot sole turning inwards

Sole turning outwards

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Slow twitch

Efficient for using oxygen to generate the body’s fluid

Work slower

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Fast twitch

Do not use oxygen
Short bursts of speed and strength

Fatigue easily

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Respiratory system

The process by which the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Gas exchange
Transport gases
Works with circulatory system

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Explain the process of the respiratory system

Nose nostril 
Pharynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Bronchioles
Lungs 
Alveoli

Inspiration ?

Expiration ?

Air rushes into lungs, diaphragm contracts, flattens internal and external muscles, lifts ribs upwards and outwards

Breathing out, ex leaves u, diaphragm relaxes, ribs return to normal position

Circulatory system

distributes oxygen and nutrients and collects waste
nourishes every cell in body
comprises the heart, arteries, blood and veins

Bloods main function

Regulate body temperature

Transportation of oxygen

Protection of the body

Four main blood types

Plasma: 90% water, contains proteins nutrients hormones that dissolve into plasma

Red blood cells: carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout body

White blood cells: protection against disease

Platelets: prevent blood loss and responsible for clotting

Atria?
Ventricles ?

(Heart)

Atria: upper thin walled chamber, receives blood from heart

Ventricles: lower thick walled chamber, blood from heart to body

How does the heart work?

Muscles contract 
Pulmonary artery 
Carbon dioxide to lungs 
Pulmonary veins 
Aorta 
Arteries and capillaries

Arteries ?

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Thick strong elastic walls

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessel

Exchanges oxygen and nutrients to waste

Veins

Carey's low oxygen back to right atrium

Two types of blood flows

Pulmonary circulation: heart lungs heart Systemic circulation: heart body tissue heart

What is blood pressure?

Force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels

What affects blood pressure ?

Cardiac output Blood pressure Volume of blood circulation ``` Blood volume (water) Resistance to blood flow Venous return ```

What is systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?

Systolic pressure: pressure recorded when blood pumped through arteries Diastolic pressure: lowest pressure recorded when heart relaxed and filling

Cardio respiratory endurance

Ability to supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide and waste during sustained exercise

Muscular strength

Ability to produce force against resistance measured by how much you can lift

Muscular endurance

Ability to exert force and continue for some time

Flexibility

Ability to bend and stretch Execute full movement of the joint

Body composition

Percentage of bone muscle and fat in ones body

``` Skills: Muscular power Speed Agility Coordination Balance Reaction time ```

Muscular power: ability to supply force as quickly as possible Speed: pace at which task is performed Agility: change pace and direction quickly and efficiently Coordination: combine all skills to execute skills skilfully Balance: state of symmetry result in equal distinction of weight Reaction time: delay between a stimulus

Aerobic | Anaerobic

Aerobic: uses oxygen Anaerobic: supply if energy working the muscles from stored carbohydrates

FITT

Frequency: how often something is done Intensity: how hard you are working, measured by MHR percentage. Aim 65-85 % Time: how long or how much Type: mode of exercise ( aerobic, anaerobic, flexibility, strength)

Physical responses to training ?

1) Heart rate 2) Ventilation rate 3) Stroke volume- blood pumped in one contraction 4) Cardiac output- rate of blood pumped in a period of time (CO=SVXHR) 5) Lactate levels- acid muscles from insufficient oxygen