Pe studies term 2 Flashcards
What Is Heart Beat
When does it Increase?
The walls of the heart contract and relax around 70 times per minute at rest to pump blood to lungs and around the body called (heart rate)
-It increases when there is more demand for oxygen in muscles
Stroke Volume
What is the average storke volume and what is it during exercise
-Stroke volume in the amount of blood being pumped with each beat of the heart
-Average stroke volume at rest is around 70ml and during exercise 110ml
-Athletes can have higher stroke volume around 120ml per beat
What is respiratory rate
what is the amount you breathe per minute
What is it during exercise
what do athletes breath
-Respiratory rate is the amount of times you breathe per minute
-your frequently breathe about 12 times per minute
-During exercise around 35-45 breaths per minute
-In elite athletes breathing rates of up to 60 per minute have been recorded
Cardiac Output
What is the average cardiac output in a human
What is the formula and what is it measured in
-Amount of blood ejected by the heart (left ventricle every minute)
-Average Cardiac output in a human in around 5-6L per minute
Cardiac Output (L/min) = Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (L per beat)
What is perspiration
What is used for
What is it composed for
Perspiration also known as sweat.
Perspiration is the body’s natural mechanism to regulate its temperature, primarily by dissipating excess heat.
During exercise, the body’s muscles generate heat as a by product of energy metabolism. As the body temperature rises the brain detects this increase and signals the sweat glands to produce sweat.
Sweat is primarily composed of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride.
What Is Blood redistribution
At rest body priorities sending blood to vital organs and the digestive system
-However during exercise the demand for blood to the muscles increase, due to muscle cells needing more oxygen to keep up with the amount of exercise and energy needed in the exercise and so need to produce more ATP through cellular respiration and oxygenated blood is needed to achieve this
-So then blood is redistributed away from the digestive system to the periphery of the body (working muscles)
Long Term effects of traiing
The size of the heart will increase. This increase in size is known as cardiac hypertrophy. This will occur particularly with endurance-type exercise or training.
The wall of the left ventricle becomes thicker, thus increasing the strength of contractions in the heart.
Endurance training can improve the efficiency of respiration, the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles (intercoastal,diaphragm) therefore breathing becomes more efficient
Trained individuals have lower rates of ventilation
During maximal exercise, trained individuals can achieve a higher maximal rate of minute ventilation.
What is Blood Pressure
What happens to BP when you start training
When blood is pumped around the body it creates pressure against the walls of the arteries.
Blood pressure will lower in response to regular training only when blood pressure was HIGH pre-training.
Those with healthy blood pressure pre-training will see little effect to their BP as a result of training
What is the blood volume in a seditemetray person compared to what it is after training
Does haemoglobin increase like blood volume
What may it do
-Blood volume is around 5L in a sedimentary person but after prolonged training can increase to 6-7L
-Haemoglobin does not have the same increases therefore the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood may decrease
What is maximum oxygen uptake
What can training do to VO2 Max
VO2 Max, is the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during exercise. It’s a combination of how much oxygen-rich blood your heart can pump and the heart’s efficiency in extracting and utilizing oxygen
improve in the delivery to o2 to the muscles and the muscles ability to use oxygen, resulting in an increased production of ATP
What does regular training do to your cappiliaries
Likely due to increased capillarisation around each alveolus that occurs as a result of regular training. (i.e. More capillaries = more surface area for oxygen to diffuse from alveoli to blood stream.
Trained individuals have increased oxygen diffusing capacity at the lungs.
What does Submaximal and maximal tidal volume do to ventillation
-AT submaximal levels tidal volume increases but respiratory rate lowers, therefore allowing air to stay in the lungs for a longer period of time between breaths and therefore more opportunity for gas exchange to occur. Therefore we see a decrease in ventilation.
-At maximal levels both tidal volume and respiratory rate increase therefore a higher ventilation and VO2 max.
What does training do to oxygen exchange
Training improves the ability of the muscles to extract oxygen from the blood as a result of the increased number of capillaries.
what does carbohydrates, fats and proteins as energy sources for physical activity
The food and drink we consume contains energy, which the body converts to ATP.
ATP is a chemical energy. Food is commonly referred to as an energy source for our body however, the body is unable to make mechanical energy from this fuel until it is broken down and converted into ATP.
When it is converted we then use the energy to perform physical activity
What is the enerygy systems
When we exercise, energy can be produced in three different pathways. The predominate pathway that operate during exercise depends on:
The duration
What are the three energy systems
How do they respond to physical activity
1) The ATP-CP system - For Quick, intense, explosive activities
2) Lactic Acid System- For intense activities for short durations
3) Aerobic System- For long prolonged activities e.g marathon
What is the ATP-CP System
How does it produce energy
Where and for how long is it stored
The ATP-cp system is an anaerobic system.
Produces energy by breaking down Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Very simple energy production process = quick release of energy
Limited storage of CP in muscles (8 seconds)
CP has high energy bond, when bond is broken energy is used to re-bond an inorganic phosphate to ADP, thus creating ATP
Why is the ATP-CP System used for explosive, intense activivites
CP is rapidly depleted (due to minimal stores)
ATP is required to replenish CP
Some of the ATP from the aerobic energy system is used to resynthesise CP
Will take approx 3 mins to replenish/recover
What is the Lactic Acid System
What is the fuel source for the lactic acid system
How Does It produce energy
Where and for how long is it stored
AKA Anaerobic Glycolysis is the Incomplete breakdown of GLUCOSE to produce ATP without O2
Carbohydrate is fuel source (glucose/glycogen)
from the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid in the muscle cells.
between 30 seconds and 3 minutes depending on the intensity.
How is Lactic Acid produced
What is Lactic Acid Threshold
When does Lactic Acid stop being produced
When glycolysis produce’s ATP a by-product called LACTIC ACID
When the exercise intensity is high, the aerobic energy system can’t meet the demand for ATP production AND remove accumulating lactic acid. When this occurs, blood lactate levels increase and will eventually limit glycolysis.
Never it is always being produced but does not accumulate at lower exercise intensities because it is continuously being removed and utilised by the aerobic energy system
What is the Aerobic System
Can Protein be used for the Aerobic System
How long is it stored for
Uses GLUCOSE (moderate intensities) AND FREE FATTY ACIDS (lower intensities and rest) for ATP production, the only energy system that produces ATP with oxygen. It will use amino acids if neccesary
Protein can be used by the aerobic energy system. However, metabolism of protein is VERY slow and will only occur in survival scenarios (or ultra marathon distances where carbohydrate and fat stores are low).
2 hours during moderate exercise
Aerobic metabolism of carbohdrates
Begins with process of glycolysis (aerobic version of anaerobic glycolysis), where instead of only partially breaking down glucosee into lactate, the end product is pyruvate.
Pyruvate is made when oxygen is available
Pyruvate is processed through 2 long series of chemical reactions (citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) and finally resulting in CO2 and water and LOTS of energy (38 molecules of ATP!)
Aerobic Metablolsm of Fats
Instead of glycolysis, the breakdown of fatty acids begins with a long series of chemical reactions called beta-oxidation.
It then continues to the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
1 free fatty acid can potentially produce more than 100 molecules of ATP!!
