Pe studies term 2 Flashcards
What Is Heart Beat
When does it Increase?
The walls of the heart contract and relax around 70 times per minute at rest to pump blood to lungs and around the body called (heart rate)
-It increases when there is more demand for oxygen in muscles
Stroke Volume
What is the average storke volume and what is it during exercise
-Stroke volume in the amount of blood being pumped with each beat of the heart
-Average stroke volume at rest is around 70ml and during exercise 110ml
-Athletes can have higher stroke volume around 120ml per beat
What is respiratory rate
what is the amount you breathe per minute
What is it during exercise
what do athletes breath
-Respiratory rate is the amount of times you breathe per minute
-your frequently breathe about 12 times per minute
-During exercise around 35-45 breaths per minute
-In elite athletes breathing rates of up to 60 per minute have been recorded
Cardiac Output
What is the average cardiac output in a human
What is the formula and what is it measured in
-Amount of blood ejected by the heart (left ventricle every minute)
-Average Cardiac output in a human in around 5-6L per minute
Cardiac Output (L/min) = Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (L per beat)
What is perspiration
What is used for
What is it composed for
Perspiration also known as sweat.
Perspiration is the body’s natural mechanism to regulate its temperature, primarily by dissipating excess heat.
During exercise, the body’s muscles generate heat as a by product of energy metabolism. As the body temperature rises the brain detects this increase and signals the sweat glands to produce sweat.
Sweat is primarily composed of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride.
What Is Blood redistribution
At rest body priorities sending blood to vital organs and the digestive system
-However during exercise the demand for blood to the muscles increase, due to muscle cells needing more oxygen to keep up with the amount of exercise and energy needed in the exercise and so need to produce more ATP through cellular respiration and oxygenated blood is needed to achieve this
-So then blood is redistributed away from the digestive system to the periphery of the body (working muscles)
Long Term effects of traiing
The size of the heart will increase. This increase in size is known as cardiac hypertrophy. This will occur particularly with endurance-type exercise or training.
The wall of the left ventricle becomes thicker, thus increasing the strength of contractions in the heart.
Endurance training can improve the efficiency of respiration, the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles (intercoastal,diaphragm) therefore breathing becomes more efficient
Trained individuals have lower rates of ventilation
During maximal exercise, trained individuals can achieve a higher maximal rate of minute ventilation.
What is Blood Pressure
What happens to BP when you start training
When blood is pumped around the body it creates pressure against the walls of the arteries.
Blood pressure will lower in response to regular training only when blood pressure was HIGH pre-training.
Those with healthy blood pressure pre-training will see little effect to their BP as a result of training
What is the blood volume in a seditemetray person compared to what it is after training
Does haemoglobin increase like blood volume
What may it do
-Blood volume is around 5L in a sedimentary person but after prolonged training can increase to 6-7L
-Haemoglobin does not have the same increases therefore the concentration of haemoglobin in the blood may decrease
What is maximum oxygen uptake
What can training do to VO2 Max
VO2 Max, is the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during exercise. It’s a combination of how much oxygen-rich blood your heart can pump and the heart’s efficiency in extracting and utilizing oxygen
improve in the delivery to o2 to the muscles and the muscles ability to use oxygen, resulting in an increased production of ATP
What does regular training do to your cappiliaries
Likely due to increased capillarisation around each alveolus that occurs as a result of regular training. (i.e. More capillaries = more surface area for oxygen to diffuse from alveoli to blood stream.
Trained individuals have increased oxygen diffusing capacity at the lungs.
What does Submaximal and maximal tidal volume do to ventillation
-AT submaximal levels tidal volume increases but respiratory rate lowers, therefore allowing air to stay in the lungs for a longer period of time between breaths and therefore more opportunity for gas exchange to occur. Therefore we see a decrease in ventilation.
-At maximal levels both tidal volume and respiratory rate increase therefore a higher ventilation and VO2 max.
What does training do to oxygen exchange
Training improves the ability of the muscles to extract oxygen from the blood as a result of the increased number of capillaries.
what does carbohydrates, fats and proteins as energy sources for physical activity
The food and drink we consume contains energy, which the body converts to ATP.
ATP is a chemical energy. Food is commonly referred to as an energy source for our body however, the body is unable to make mechanical energy from this fuel until it is broken down and converted into ATP.
When it is converted we then use the energy to perform physical activity
What is the enerygy systems
When we exercise, energy can be produced in three different pathways. The predominate pathway that operate during exercise depends on:
The duration
