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callum wilson is a god > PE Studies Semester 1 Exam > Flashcards

PE Studies Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle?

A
  • Muscle is made up of several fascicles
  • These fascicles contain muscle fibres
  • Muscle fibres contain myofibrils
  • Along the length of myofibrils are contractile units
    called sarcomeres, which contain myofilaments actin
    and myosin
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2
Q

What are the three layers of connective tissue?

A

Epimysium (largest, around the muscle belly)

Perimysium (middle sized, around the fascicle)

Endomysium (smallest, around individual muscle fibre)

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3
Q

Explain the Sliding Filament Theory

A

Calcium is released into the muscle which prompts a reaction in each muscle fibres between myosin and actin.

Cross bridges are formed which connect myosin and actin and pulls the actin along the myosin, which contracts the muscle.

When contracted, the z-lines of the sarcomere come closer together and the H-zone gets smaller.

The actin and myosin filaments almost fully overlap when in a fully contracted position.

Once contraction finishes, actin and myosin return to their original relaxed position.

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4
Q

Describe how messages are sent to your CNS then to your body to produce movement.

A

The sensory neurons receive impulses from the sensory receptors and this impulse is then sent from the sensory neurons to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Motor neurons then receive the impulse from the brain and send it to the muscles to produce the desired outcome.

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5
Q

What parts make up a neuron and what are their functions?

A

Axon
Nerve impulse travels down axon

Dendrites
Branch off and receive messages which are carried into the cell body

Cell body
Process stimulus and send signals to axon

Motor end plate
Synapse between a nerve and a muscle

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6
Q

Describe action potential

A

Action potential is the rapid depolarization and repolarisation of an axon to move a nerve impulse along it.

For a nerve impulse to travel down the axon, the threshold potential must be reached, which causes action potential to occur and the nerve impulse can be carried down the axon.

If the threshold potential isn’t reached, nothing happens, which is called the All or None Principle.

Once it has reached the threshold potential, the cell depolarizes and action potential occurs, which sends the impulse down the axon.

The cell then rapidly repolarizes so that the neuron can be stimulated again.

The period in which the nerve cell is waiting to be stimulated again is called the Refractory Period

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7
Q

What are three types of muscular contractions?

A

Isotonic
Change in length of a muscle performed against a CONSTANT load
[Concentric]
Muscle shortens
(going up in bicep curl)
[Eccentric]
Muscular contraction where muscle lengthens.

Isokinetic
Change in length of muscle performed against a VARYING load

Isometric
NO CHANGE in muscle length
E.g. bridge/plank

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8
Q

Describe the force-velocity relationship

A

Inverse relationship - as muscle velocity decreases, more cross-bridges have time to attach and consequently the muscle can generate more force.

Concentric = more force –> less velocity

Eccentric = more force resisted –> more velocity

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9
Q

Draw the force - velocity graph for a concentric contraction

A

check doc

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10
Q

Draw a force-velocity graph for a eccentric contraction

A

check doc

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11
Q

Draw the force-velocity curve

A

check doc

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12
Q

Draw the length-tension graph

A

check doc

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13
Q

Describe the type 1 muscle fibre type

A

Slow twitch fibres

Endurance based activities

Aerobic ATP production

High capacity for ATP production - generates ATP using aerobic system

Fatigue resistant

Low glycolytic capacity

Glycogen and fat are major fuel source

Increased number of blood capillaries delivers more blood and therefore oxygen to muscle

e.g. marathon

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14
Q

Describe type 2A muscle fibres

A

Intermediate speed of contraction (faster than type I but slower than type II B)

Team sports, speed endurance activities

moderate fatigue rate

fast contraction rate

Can develop aerobic characteristics with training

Creatine phosphate and glycogen are main fuel source

e.g. 800m r

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15
Q

Describe type 2B muscle fibre

A

Fast speed of contraction

Explosive movements - very fast contraction rate

Purely anaerobic activities

fast fatigue rate

E.g. sprinting

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16
Q

What is Newton’s 1st law

A
  1. An object at rest will remain at rest and a moving object will remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force
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17
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd law

A

The greater the force applied to an object, the greater the acceleration

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18
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd law

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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19
Q

Describe conservation of momentum

A

When a collision occurs after striking a ball, the total momentum before the collision should be equal to the momentum after the collision

E.g. momentum generated by a golf club is conserved when transferred onto the ball, but because ball has lower mass, it will move faster

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20
Q

Describe the coefficient of restitution

A

Measures the elasticity of collision between an object and a given surface

COR of 1 is a perfectly elastic collision (e.g. when ball is dropped from a given height and rebounds back to the height after colliding with the ground

COR of 0 is a perfectly inelastic collision (e.g. ball doesn’t bounce when dropped, playdough)

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21
Q

Name the factors affecting COR

A
  1. Equipment and material
    - Condition of balls
    - Type of equipment being used
    - Type and condition of playing surface
  2. Temperature of balls
    - Increase in temperature results in increase in COR
  3. Velocity of collision
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22
Q

Describe moment of inertia in relation to a diver diving

A

Angular momentum stays constant as no external forces are affecting athlete as they are in air

Moment of Inertia is large at the start as diver is in an open body position and body mass is further away from the axis of rotation, decreasing angular velocity

Moment of Inertia decreases as body mass is tucked in and closer to axis of rotation, which speeds up angular velocity

Relationship between MOI and AV is inverse

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23
Q

Draw impulse-momentum relationship graph

A

check doc

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24
Q

Draw the three types of levers and give examples of them in the human body

A
  1. Neck
  2. lower leg on tippy toes
  3. arm
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25
Q

What gives a lever a mechanical advantage

A

A lever will have a mechanical advantage advantage if it has a larger force arm

By making the force arm longer than the resistance arm, the force applied is increase

26
Q

Describe three factors affecting levers

A
  1. Length of levers
    - Longer the lever, greater the velocity on impact
  2. Inertia of the lever
    - Longer the lever, the heavier it usually is and therefore more difficult to rotate
    - By an athlete moving their hands further down the club, athletes can reduce their rotational inertia and therefore make it easier to swing the club
  3. Amount of force
    - Amount of force an athlete can generate via muscles determines length of lever athlete should use
    - Longer lever is → more force required to move it
    = Longer lever is → more
27
Q

Define torque

A

Turning effect created as a result of an eccentric force being applied around a pivot or axis

28
Q

Give an example of torque in sport

A

Wheelchair basketball - turning wheel to produce movement

29
Q

Name factors affecting fluid resistance

A
  1. Density
    - The more dense a fluid is, the more disturbed the fluid becomes and hence the greater resistance
  2. Viscosity
    - The more viscous a fluid is (the ‘thickness’ of a fluid, e.g. lava, syrup)
30
Q

Describe surface drag

A

The interaction between body surface and fluid

Factors affecting surface drag: body surface area, viscosity, fluid temperature, velocity of object

E.g. wearing swimming caps, tight swimming suit

31
Q

Describe profile drag

A

Profile
When a body moves through a fluid medium with sufficient velocity it creates a pocket of turbulence behind the body, an imbalance in the pressure surrounding the body is created (high pressure to low pressure)
Factors affecting profile drag: velocity of the body, surface of body area

Factors reducing profile drag:
Shape
Smoothness
Aerodynamic position

32
Q

Describe wave drag

A

The resistance created by the generation of waves where two different fluids like air and water meet

Factors affecting wave drag: greater up and down motion, increased swimming speed

33
Q

Describe boundary layer separation on a rough surface

A

High pressure at front

Rough surface causes boundary layer separation to take place later

This causes a smaller pressure differential between the front and the back of the ball as there is only a small pocket of turbulent flow at the rear of the ball

34
Q

Describe boundary layer separation on a smooth surface

A

A smooth surface causes boundary layer separation to take place earlier

This causes a larger pressure differential between the front and the back of the ball as there now a large pocket of turbulent flow at the back of the ball

35
Q

Name 2 factors affecting boundary layer separation

A
  1. Velocity

2. Surface roughness

36
Q

Name factors affecting drag

A

Speed
Surface roughness
Mass
Shape

37
Q

Name environmental factors affecting drag

A

Air density
Atmospheric pressure
Humidity
temperature

38
Q

Define lift

A

Refers to the component of force that acts perpendicular to the direction of flow

39
Q

Define and describe Bernoulli’s Principle’s relationship

A

States that as velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure the fluid exerts on an object decreases

Bernouilli’s principle helps keep a airplane in the air
Shape of the wing creates an area of high pressure underneath the wing and low pressure above the wing, resulting in upward lift

40
Q

Define the magnus effect

A

Term used to describe the effect of rotation on an object’s path as it moves through fluid

  • can result in spin
41
Q

Draw top spin affecting a ball and describe it

A

check doc

Ball drops, at top of ball the boundary layer is in the opposite direction to oncoming air flow resulting in low velocity and high pressure

opposite on bottom of ball

42
Q

Draw back spin affecting a ball and describe it

A

check doc

Spin causes ball to stay in the air for longer due to high pressure at the bottom of the ball

Because boundary layer is traveling in same direction as oncoming air flow at top of ball, this results in higher pressure at bottom of the ball, allowing it to stay in air longer

43
Q

Draw effect of spin on trajectory of ball

A

check doc

44
Q

Name biomechanics principles

A 
Summation of velocity
balance
force-motion
impulse
inertia/MOI
coordination continuum
45
Q

What are two types of team cohesion?

A
  1. Task cohesion

2. Social cohesion

46
Q

Describe Carron’s model of group cohesion

PELT

A
  1. Personal factors
    Refers to individual characteristics of group members, e.g. motives
  2. Environment factors
    Refers to the normative forces that bring and hold a group together
    E.g. contract, family expectations, geographical limitation
  3. Leadership factors
    Refers to the leadership style and how this affects the dynamics of the group
  4. Team factors
    Relates to the characteristics of the team, including team stability, prior successes and failures
47
Q

3 methods a coach can use to improve task cohesion

A
  1. communicate clearly/regularly so all members understand their roles
  2. having clear expectations
  3. make clear what each individual must do for team to achieve goals
48
Q

3 methods a coach can use to improve social cohesion

A
  1. encourage social interactions away from the sport
  2. maintain open/honest communication
  3. resolve conflicts quickly
49
Q

What are three ways of measuring group cohesion?

A
  1. Questionnaires
  2. Sociograms
  3. Observations
50
Q

Describe what a sociogram does

A

Shows interrelationship between individuals in a team

Can determine potential leaders, cliques, conflict

Popular players are potential leaders

Cliques need to be sorted out as can lead to exclusion/favouritism

51
Q

what is social loafing / ringelmann effect

A

Is when individuals reduce their efforts when performing in a group and hide their lack of effort amongst the effort of other group members

52
Q

How can social loafing be reduced?

A
  • punish group for poor performance
  • ensure people understand their efforts are necessary for successful outcome
  • reduce group size
  • develop cohesive group
  • make each task meaningful to those performing it
53
Q

What 4 components contribute to overall athletic performance

A

Tactical skills
Technical skills
Physiological preparation
Physiological skills

54
Q

What is choking in terms of sport

A

suboptimal performance under pressure

→ a poorer performance compared to if you weren’t under pressure

55
Q

Describe how you can use mental strategies to improve self confidence (GRIPS)

A

Goal setting: realistic but challenging goals will increase athlete’s self confidence as goals are completed

Relaxation: athletes who are mentally fresh/relaxed will increase self confidence as are more focused

Imagery: picturing themselves performing the skill perfectly and achieving the desired outcome will increase self confidence

Performance routines: player who performs a set routine for a skill will increase self-confidence, they know they can do the skill under pressure → increases self confidence

Self-talk: positive self talk increases chances of success as they believe in themselves more

56
Q

Describe how you can use mental strategies to improve concentration (GRIPS)

A

Goal Setting: Setting goals enable a performer to concentrate on a particular aspect of their performance

Relaxation: Over aroused performers have a narrow focus and this limits their ability to concentrate on relevant cues in the environment. Relaxation techniques help performers maintain concentration on relevant cues thereby improving performance.

Imagery: Imagery used to focus on a particular skill, aspect of a skill or a specific game scenario e.g. a set play.

Performance routines: Performance routines can help athlete to focus on relevant cues in the environment and ignore irrelevant cues which would detract from performance.

Self-talk: Athletes can use key terms to help maintain their concentration or to change their level of concentration. E.g. “focus”

57
Q

Describe arousal

A

Mental, emotional, physiological state that prepares your body for action

Advance player needs high arousal to perform optimally, vice versa

58
Q

Draw inverted U hypothesis

A

check doc

59
Q

Describe how you can use mental strategies to improve arousal (GRIPS)

A

Goal setting: Setting goals help athlete perform at optimal level, having realistic goals to strive for help increase arousal and performance level

Relaxation: Appropriate relaxation methods can reduce arousal e.g. meditation, breathing control

Imagery: Arousal can be increased by creating image of aggressive performance and decreased by thinking of a relaxed performance

Performance routines: Can increase arousal of athlete who uses a set routine, can also decrease arousal through routines like listening to calming music before game

Self-talk: Saying phrases to yourself like ‘keep going’ and ‘you got this’ can increase arousal during a game

60
Q

Describe how you can use mental strategies to improve motivation (GRIPS)

A

Goal setting: Setting challenging but realistic goals can increase a players motivation as they are challenged to complete them and aren’t too easy or unrealistic

Relaxation: Being over motivated can experience decline in performance and choke as they are trying too hard to achieve optimal performance. Relaxation methods can help over motivated athletes control their thoughts and focus

Imagery: Can motivate athlete by imagining themselves succeeding at a high level

Performance routine: An athletes intrinsic motivation and desire to perform well can be heightened by their performance routine

Self-talk: Can increase motivation by saying things like ‘you need to work harder if you want to stay in this team’

61
Q

Describe how you can use mental strategies to improve stress (GRIPS)

A

Goal setting: Realistic but challenging goals can promote stress in a positive way and improves performance

Relaxation: Athletes can use relaxation techniques to go into an optimum state of mind before a game and reduce stress

Imagery: Can reduce stress by athlete imagining themselves performing skill perfectly

Performance routine: Athletes can use routines to focus on their task at hand instead of worrying about the possible outcomes of their actions

Self-talk: Can be used to reduce stress before or during performance → ‘calm down’

callum wilson is a god (8 decks)

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