pe studies Flashcards
what are the 5 functions of the skeleton?
give your body its shape
allows movement
makes blood cells
protection for your organs
stores mineral
describe the axial skeleton
the axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton that is made up of 80 bones which includes the skull, spine and ribcage. It supports the body and protects vital organs like the brain and heart and provides structure for movement.
describe the appendicular skeleton
the appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones which include the bones of limbs and their connections to the axial skeleton. Some bones include, the patella, femur and phalanges.
what are the 4 types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
describe long bones
hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. this bone has a shaft, and two ends.
An example of a long bone is the femur
describe short bones
short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. this bone is located in the hands and feet. phalanges are an example of a short bone
describe flat bones
flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have a flat shape and have marrow. An example is a rib bone.
describe irregular bones
irregular bones are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact. An example of an irregular bone is the palatine and the vertebrae
what are the 3 anatomical planes
sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane
describe the sagittal plane
a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left and right section. movements done in this plane is things such as walking, jumping and squatting
describe the frontal plane
A frontal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into dorsal (posterior) and a ventral portion. (cranial and caudal)
movement examples - side stepping, abduction of the shoulder and cartwheeling
describe the transverse plane
The transverse plane is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (cuts you in half at the waist)
examples- rotating the torso
name the 8 major bones that assist with movement
humerus
radius
ulna
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
pelvis
what are the 3 functions of the muscular system
produce movement
maintain bodily functions
provide posture
3 types of muscle
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
describe cardiac muscle
makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium and an inner layer called the endocardium. example - the heart
describe skeletal muscle
found throughout the body and functions to contract in response to a stimulus. Serves many purposes including producing movements
examples - trapezius, gastrocnemius and masticatoris
describe smooth muscle
involuntary non striated muscle that consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres. Helps with digestion and nutrition collection
example - respiratory tract
name the 12 major skeletal muscles that assist with movement
deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
pectorals major
gastrocnemius
quadricep groups
hamstring groups
external oblique
latissimus dorsi
rectus dominoes
soleus
gluteus maximus
flexion - definition and example
refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Example - flexion at elbow decreases the angle between the ulna and the humerus and can occur during bicep curls
ligaments - describe and example
ligaments connect two bones together, particularly in the joints. they stabilise the joints and hold the end of two bones together. This ensures the bones in joints don’t twist too much
example - the knee has 4, mcl, pcl, lcl and acl
tendons - definition and example
tendons connect your muscles yo your bones. Let us move our limbs and prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact your muscles take on.
example - achilles, quadriceps and rotator cuff
rotation - definition and example
where the limb moves in a circular movement around fixed joint towards or away from the midline of your body
example - doing windmills with your arms to warm up the shoulders to prepare for gameplay
extension - definition and example
refers to the motion of straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle between the articulating bones is increased. Example - when straightening your leg, the angle between the femur and tibia increases
ectomorph definition
a body type that is tall and slim with narrow shoulders and a low muscle mass percentage. usually have a fast metabolism and tend to lose weight easily
mesomorph definition
mesomorph is a physical type that is marked by greater than average muscular development. Typically strong and solid and not overweight or underweight
endomorph definition
endomorph have softer bodies with curves. They have a wide waist and hips and large bones. Although they may not be overweight, the weight is often in their hips, thighs and lower abdomen.
arteries - function and structure
throughout the bay and are composed of three different layers. Carries blood from the heart and all blood is oxygenated.
structure - thick muscular walls
- no valves
- blood under high
veins - function and structure
carries blood towards the heart
blood is deoxygenated
structure - thin, collapsible walls
-valves present
- blood under low bp