pe studies Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A

give your body its shape
allows movement
makes blood cells
protection for your organs
stores mineral

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2
Q

describe the axial skeleton

A

the axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton that is made up of 80 bones which includes the skull, spine and ribcage. It supports the body and protects vital organs like the brain and heart and provides structure for movement.

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3
Q

describe the appendicular skeleton

A

the appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones which include the bones of limbs and their connections to the axial skeleton. Some bones include, the patella, femur and phalanges.

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4
Q

what are the 4 types of bones

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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5
Q

describe long bones

A

hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. this bone has a shaft, and two ends.
An example of a long bone is the femur

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6
Q

describe short bones

A

short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. this bone is located in the hands and feet. phalanges are an example of a short bone

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7
Q

describe flat bones

A

flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have a flat shape and have marrow. An example is a rib bone.

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8
Q

describe irregular bones

A

irregular bones are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact. An example of an irregular bone is the palatine and the vertebrae

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9
Q

what are the 3 anatomical planes

A

sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane

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10
Q

describe the sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left and right section. movements done in this plane is things such as walking, jumping and squatting

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11
Q

describe the frontal plane

A

A frontal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into dorsal (posterior) and a ventral portion. (cranial and caudal)
movement examples - side stepping, abduction of the shoulder and cartwheeling

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12
Q

describe the transverse plane

A

The transverse plane is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (cuts you in half at the waist)
examples- rotating the torso

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13
Q

name the 8 major bones that assist with movement

A

humerus
radius
ulna
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
pelvis

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14
Q

what are the 3 functions of the muscular system

A

produce movement
maintain bodily functions
provide posture

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15
Q

3 types of muscle

A

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

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15
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium and an inner layer called the endocardium. example - the heart

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16
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

found throughout the body and functions to contract in response to a stimulus. Serves many purposes including producing movements
examples - trapezius, gastrocnemius and masticatoris

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17
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

involuntary non striated muscle that consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres. Helps with digestion and nutrition collection
example - respiratory tract

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18
Q

name the 12 major skeletal muscles that assist with movement

A

deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
pectorals major
gastrocnemius
quadricep groups
hamstring groups
external oblique
latissimus dorsi
rectus dominoes
soleus
gluteus maximus

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19
Q

flexion - definition and example

A

refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Example - flexion at elbow decreases the angle between the ulna and the humerus and can occur during bicep curls

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19
Q

ligaments - describe and example

A

ligaments connect two bones together, particularly in the joints. they stabilise the joints and hold the end of two bones together. This ensures the bones in joints don’t twist too much
example - the knee has 4, mcl, pcl, lcl and acl

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20
Q

tendons - definition and example

A

tendons connect your muscles yo your bones. Let us move our limbs and prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact your muscles take on.
example - achilles, quadriceps and rotator cuff

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21
Q

rotation - definition and example

A

where the limb moves in a circular movement around fixed joint towards or away from the midline of your body
example - doing windmills with your arms to warm up the shoulders to prepare for gameplay

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21
Q

extension - definition and example

A

refers to the motion of straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle between the articulating bones is increased. Example - when straightening your leg, the angle between the femur and tibia increases

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22
Q

ectomorph definition

A

a body type that is tall and slim with narrow shoulders and a low muscle mass percentage. usually have a fast metabolism and tend to lose weight easily

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23
Q

mesomorph definition

A

mesomorph is a physical type that is marked by greater than average muscular development. Typically strong and solid and not overweight or underweight

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24
Q

endomorph definition

A

endomorph have softer bodies with curves. They have a wide waist and hips and large bones. Although they may not be overweight, the weight is often in their hips, thighs and lower abdomen.

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25
Q

arteries - function and structure

A

throughout the bay and are composed of three different layers. Carries blood from the heart and all blood is oxygenated.
structure - thick muscular walls
- no valves
- blood under high

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26
Q

veins - function and structure

A

carries blood towards the heart
blood is deoxygenated
structure - thin, collapsible walls
-valves present
- blood under low bp

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26
Q

capillaries - function and structure

A

allows the passing (diffusion) of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide
structure - very thin walls (only 1 cell thick)
- branch from arterioles and venues to form networks

27
Q

structure of the heart

A

your heart is separated into two sides, consisting of four chambers, right ventricle, right atrium, left ventricle and left atrium. also made up of 4 different valves

28
Q

function of the heart

A

The function of the heart is the pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products (carbon dioxide) to the lungs to be removed.

29
Q

5 functions of the circulatory system

A
  • circulate blood to body
  • transport O2, water and nutrients to cells
  • maintain temperature hypothermia and hyperthermia
  • transport CO2 and wastes away from cells
  • fight infection using white blood cells
30
Q

what are the 3 sections of the respiratory systems

A
  • lungs
  • air passages
  • diaphragm
31
Q

define respiratory rate

A

a persons respiratory rate is the amount of breaths you take per minute

32
Q

tidal volume

A

the amount of air that can inhaled or exhaled in one breath

33
Q

vital capacity

A

the greatest volume of air you can exhale
- breathing out as hard aa you can

34
Q

define gas exchange

A

occurs when you take molecules of air and absorb the O2 and convert to CO2 to breath it back

35
Q

5 immediate responses to exercise from the circulatory system

A
  • increase in heart rate
  • increase in stroke volume
  • increase in cardiac output
  • increase in blood pressure
  • increase in VO2 max
36
Q

5 responses of the respiratory system to exercise

A
  • increase tidal volume
  • increased respiratory rate
  • increased vital capacity
  • increased gas exchange
  • increased ventilation
37
Q

3 energy systems

A
  • ATP - PC system
  • Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system)
  • Aerobic system
38
Q

5 health related fitness components

A
  • cardiovascular endurance
  • muscular strength
  • muscular endurance
  • flexibility
  • body composition
39
Q

define cardiovascular endurance with an example

A

how well your heart and lungs can supply the oxygen you need while you exercise
example - VO2 max

40
Q

define muscular strength with an example

A

the maximal force that can be produced by a muscle
example - performing a one rep max

41
Q

define muscular endurance with an example

A

the ability of the muscle to performance repeated contractions over a period of time
example - performing reps until failure

42
Q

define flexibility with an example

A

the range of motion around a joint
example - holding an extended ROM (ROM) - reflects the ability of the muscles and tendons to stretch without injury

43
Q

define body composition with an example

A

the different components that make up a persons body weight (muscle, fat, bone and tissue)
example - X-rays and skin folds

44
Q

what are the 6 performance - related fitness components?

A
  • agility
  • balance
  • coordination
  • power
  • reaction time
  • speed
45
Q

define agility and use an explanation

A

the ability to change body position or direction quickly and accurately while maintaining balance
example - being able to get around an opponent in a rugby match

46
Q

define balance and use an explanation

A

maintaining equilibrium while stationary or moving
example - being able to stay balanced on your surfboard when surfboarding

47
Q

define coordination and use an explanation

A

refers to the skilful and effective interaction of movements. It is ability to use the body senses to execute motor skills smoothly and accurately
example - playing hockey and using your hands, eyes and hockey sticks to connect with the ball

48
Q

define reaction time and use an explanation

A

this time from the presentation of a stimulus to the onset of a response
example - a boxer being able to react quickly enough to avoid a punch

49
Q

define power and use an explanation

A

the ability to exert a maximal contraction quickly or in one explosive effort
example - a basketball player exploding up to dunk the basketball

50
Q

define speed and use an explanation

A

how fast you can move from one point to another
example - 100 metre sprint

51
Q

what is a warm up

A

an activity designed to prepare the body both psychologically and physiologically for the upcoming work period
- usually lasts 8-10 mins
- changes based on different age and ability

52
Q

what is a cool down

A

involves the gradual reduction in intensity of exercise to assist the body with recovery following physical activity. Should involve similar activities to what was under taken during the condition phase.

53
Q

what are the 3 internal forces acting on the body

A

-muscles
-ligaments
-bones

54
Q

what are the 3 external forces acting on the body

A

-gravity
-friction
- external resistance

55
Q

3 forms of motion

A
  • linear motion
  • angular motion
  • general motion
56
Q

what is linear motion and example

A

movement occurs in a straight line, with no rotation occurring
example - a swimmer holding a stream line position

57
Q

what is angular motion and example

A

movement occurs about an axis with all body parts moving through the same angle
example - a ballerina performing a spin

58
Q

what is general motion and example

A

movement is a combination of linear and angular motion, most human movement consists of general motion
example - a cyclist riding around a track

59
Q

3 phases of movement

A
  • preparation
  • action/execution
  • follow through
60
Q

4 categories of motor skills

A
  • environmental influences
  • continuity
  • muscular movement
  • difficulty
61
Q

environmental influence explanation

A

the continuum is influenced by the impact of the environment on the skill

62
Q

continuity explanation

A

This continuum is influenced by how well defined the beginning and end of the performance is

63
Q

muscular movement

A

this continuum is influenced by how well defined the size of the muscle groups and movements involved

64
Q

difficulty

A

this continuum is based on how difficult the skills is to perform. A skill can be considered simple or complex

65
Q

4 mental skills

A
  • know and believe in yourself
  • self talk
  • imagery
  • learning from success and failure
66
Q

how are 2 forces used in swimming

A

muscles - when swimming, core abdominal muscles and lower back muscles are used to keep the body in streamline position in the water to reduce drag.
friction - Friction is the keys source that prevents you from swimming fast, so does the water. As you move trough the water your body rubs agaist it it creates friction

67
Q

two sport examples of where flexion is used

A

An elbow bending when doing bicep curls
squatting down to do a dig a volleyball

68
Q

what type of motion is in a discuss throw and why

A

a discuss throw is a linear motion as the aim is to throw the discuss in a straight line but also uses rotation motion aswell as the thrower spins around in a circle before throwing the discuss.

69
Q
A