pe studies

Question 1

what are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

give your body its shape
allows movement
makes blood cells
protection for your organs
stores mineral

Question 2

describe the axial skeleton

Answer 2

the axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton that is made up of 80 bones which includes the skull, spine and ribcage. It supports the body and protects vital organs like the brain and heart and provides structure for movement.

Question 3

describe the appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

the appendicular skeleton is made up of 126 bones which include the bones of limbs and their connections to the axial skeleton. Some bones include, the patella, femur and phalanges.

Question 4

what are the 4 types of bones

Answer 4

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

Question 5

describe long bones

Answer 5

hard, dense bones that provide strength, structure and mobility. this bone has a shaft, and two ends.
An example of a long bone is the femur

Question 6

describe short bones

Answer 6

short bones are shaped roughly as a cube and contain mostly spongy bone. this bone is located in the hands and feet. phalanges are an example of a short bone

Question 7

describe flat bones

Answer 7

flat bones are made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have a flat shape and have marrow. An example is a rib bone.

Question 8

describe irregular bones

Answer 8

irregular bones are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact. An example of an irregular bone is the palatine and the vertebrae

Question 9

what are the 3 anatomical planes

Answer 9

sagittal plane
frontal plane
transverse plane

Question 10

describe the sagittal plane

Answer 10

a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left and right section. movements done in this plane is things such as walking, jumping and squatting

Question 11

describe the frontal plane

Answer 11

A frontal plane is perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into dorsal (posterior) and a ventral portion. (cranial and caudal)
movement examples - side stepping, abduction of the shoulder and cartwheeling

Question 12

describe the transverse plane

Answer 12

The transverse plane is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections (cuts you in half at the waist)
examples- rotating the torso

Question 13

name the 8 major bones that assist with movement

Answer 13

humerus
radius
ulna
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
pelvis

Question 14

what are the 3 functions of the muscular system

Answer 14

produce movement
maintain bodily functions
provide posture

Question 15

3 types of muscle

Answer 15

skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

Question 15

describe cardiac muscle

Answer 15

makes up the thick middle layer of the heart and surrounded by a thin outer layer called the epicardium and an inner layer called the endocardium. example - the heart

Question 16

describe skeletal muscle

Answer 16

found throughout the body and functions to contract in response to a stimulus. Serves many purposes including producing movements
examples - trapezius, gastrocnemius and masticatoris

Question 17

describe smooth muscle

Answer 17

involuntary non striated muscle that consists of thick and thin filaments that are not arranged into sarcomeres. Helps with digestion and nutrition collection
example - respiratory tract

Question 18

name the 12 major skeletal muscles that assist with movement

Answer 18

deltoid
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
pectorals major
gastrocnemius
quadricep groups
hamstring groups
external oblique
latissimus dorsi
rectus dominoes
soleus
gluteus maximus

Question 19

flexion - definition and example

Answer 19

refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
Example - flexion at elbow decreases the angle between the ulna and the humerus and can occur during bicep curls

Question 19

ligaments - describe and example

Answer 19

ligaments connect two bones together, particularly in the joints. they stabilise the joints and hold the end of two bones together. This ensures the bones in joints don’t twist too much
example - the knee has 4, mcl, pcl, lcl and acl

Question 20

tendons - definition and example

Answer 20

tendons connect your muscles yo your bones. Let us move our limbs and prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact your muscles take on.
example - achilles, quadriceps and rotator cuff

Question 21

rotation - definition and example

Answer 21

where the limb moves in a circular movement around fixed joint towards or away from the midline of your body
example - doing windmills with your arms to warm up the shoulders to prepare for gameplay

Question 21

extension - definition and example

Answer 21

refers to the motion of straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle between the articulating bones is increased. Example - when straightening your leg, the angle between the femur and tibia increases

Question 22

ectomorph definition

Answer 22

a body type that is tall and slim with narrow shoulders and a low muscle mass percentage. usually have a fast metabolism and tend to lose weight easily

Question 23

mesomorph definition

Answer 23

mesomorph is a physical type that is marked by greater than average muscular development. Typically strong and solid and not overweight or underweight

Question 24

endomorph definition

Answer 24

endomorph have softer bodies with curves. They have a wide waist and hips and large bones. Although they may not be overweight, the weight is often in their hips, thighs and lower abdomen.

Question 25

arteries - function and structure

Answer 25

throughout the bay and are composed of three different layers. Carries blood from the heart and all blood is oxygenated. structure - thick muscular walls - no valves - blood under high

Question 26

veins - function and structure

Answer 26

carries blood towards the heart blood is deoxygenated structure - thin, collapsible walls -valves present - blood under low bp

Question 26

capillaries - function and structure

Answer 26

allows the passing (diffusion) of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide structure - very thin walls (only 1 cell thick) - branch from arterioles and venues to form networks

Question 27

structure of the heart

Answer 27

your heart is separated into two sides, consisting of four chambers, right ventricle, right atrium, left ventricle and left atrium. also made up of 4 different valves

Question 28

function of the heart

Answer 28

The function of the heart is the pump blood and oxygen around the body and deliver waste products (carbon dioxide) to the lungs to be removed.

Question 29

5 functions of the circulatory system

Answer 29

- circulate blood to body - transport O2, water and nutrients to cells - maintain temperature hypothermia and hyperthermia - transport CO2 and wastes away from cells - fight infection using white blood cells

Question 30

what are the 3 sections of the respiratory systems

Answer 30

- lungs - air passages - diaphragm

Question 31

define respiratory rate

Answer 31

a persons respiratory rate is the amount of breaths you take per minute

Question 32

tidal volume

Answer 32

the amount of air that can inhaled or exhaled in one breath

Question 33

vital capacity

Answer 33

the greatest volume of air you can exhale - breathing out as hard aa you can

Question 34

define gas exchange

Answer 34

occurs when you take molecules of air and absorb the O2 and convert to CO2 to breath it back

Question 35

5 immediate responses to exercise from the circulatory system

Answer 35

- increase in heart rate - increase in stroke volume - increase in cardiac output - increase in blood pressure - increase in VO2 max

Question 36

5 responses of the respiratory system to exercise

Answer 36

- increase tidal volume - increased respiratory rate - increased vital capacity - increased gas exchange - increased ventilation

Question 37

3 energy systems

Answer 37

- ATP - PC system - Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system) - Aerobic system

Question 38

5 health related fitness components

Answer 38

- cardiovascular endurance - muscular strength - muscular endurance - flexibility - body composition

Question 39

define cardiovascular endurance with an example

Answer 39

how well your heart and lungs can supply the oxygen you need while you exercise example - VO2 max

Question 40

define muscular strength with an example

Answer 40

the maximal force that can be produced by a muscle example - performing a one rep max

Question 41

define muscular endurance with an example

Answer 41

the ability of the muscle to performance repeated contractions over a period of time example - performing reps until failure

Question 42

define flexibility with an example

Answer 42

the range of motion around a joint example - holding an extended ROM (ROM) - reflects the ability of the muscles and tendons to stretch without injury

Question 43

define body composition with an example

Answer 43

the different components that make up a persons body weight (muscle, fat, bone and tissue) example - X-rays and skin folds

Question 44

what are the 6 performance - related fitness components?

Answer 44

- agility - balance - coordination - power - reaction time - speed

Question 45

define agility and use an explanation

Answer 45

the ability to change body position or direction quickly and accurately while maintaining balance example - being able to get around an opponent in a rugby match

Question 46

define balance and use an explanation

Answer 46

maintaining equilibrium while stationary or moving example - being able to stay balanced on your surfboard when surfboarding

Question 47

define coordination and use an explanation

Answer 47

refers to the skilful and effective interaction of movements. It is ability to use the body senses to execute motor skills smoothly and accurately example - playing hockey and using your hands, eyes and hockey sticks to connect with the ball

Question 48

define reaction time and use an explanation

Answer 48

this time from the presentation of a stimulus to the onset of a response example - a boxer being able to react quickly enough to avoid a punch

Question 49

define power and use an explanation

Answer 49

the ability to exert a maximal contraction quickly or in one explosive effort example - a basketball player exploding up to dunk the basketball

Question 50

define speed and use an explanation

Answer 50

how fast you can move from one point to another example - 100 metre sprint

Question 51

what is a warm up

Answer 51

an activity designed to prepare the body both psychologically and physiologically for the upcoming work period - usually lasts 8-10 mins - changes based on different age and ability

Question 52

what is a cool down

Answer 52

involves the gradual reduction in intensity of exercise to assist the body with recovery following physical activity. Should involve similar activities to what was under taken during the condition phase.

Question 53

what are the 3 internal forces acting on the body

Answer 53

-muscles -ligaments -bones

Question 54

what are the 3 external forces acting on the body

Answer 54

-gravity -friction - external resistance

Question 55

3 forms of motion

Answer 55

- linear motion - angular motion - general motion

Question 56

what is linear motion and example

Answer 56

movement occurs in a straight line, with no rotation occurring example - a swimmer holding a stream line position

Question 57

what is angular motion and example

Answer 57

movement occurs about an axis with all body parts moving through the same angle example - a ballerina performing a spin

Question 58

what is general motion and example

Answer 58

movement is a combination of linear and angular motion, most human movement consists of general motion example - a cyclist riding around a track

Question 59

3 phases of movement

Answer 59

- preparation - action/execution - follow through

Question 60

4 categories of motor skills

Answer 60

- environmental influences - continuity - muscular movement - difficulty

Question 61

environmental influence explanation

Answer 61

the continuum is influenced by the impact of the environment on the skill

Question 62

continuity explanation

Answer 62

This continuum is influenced by how well defined the beginning and end of the performance is

Question 63

muscular movement

Answer 63

this continuum is influenced by how well defined the size of the muscle groups and movements involved

Question 64

difficulty

Answer 64

this continuum is based on how difficult the skills is to perform. A skill can be considered simple or complex

Question 65

4 mental skills

Answer 65

- know and believe in yourself - self talk - imagery - learning from success and failure

Question 66

how are 2 forces used in swimming

Answer 66

muscles - when swimming, core abdominal muscles and lower back muscles are used to keep the body in streamline position in the water to reduce drag. friction - Friction is the keys source that prevents you from swimming fast, so does the water. As you move trough the water your body rubs agaist it it creates friction

Question 67

two sport examples of where flexion is used

Answer 67

An elbow bending when doing bicep curls squatting down to do a dig a volleyball

Question 68

what type of motion is in a discuss throw and why

Answer 68

a discuss throw is a linear motion as the aim is to throw the discuss in a straight line but also uses rotation motion aswell as the thrower spins around in a circle before throwing the discuss.