PE Q's still not got Flashcards
Explain the smooth muscle venous return mechanism
Smooth muscle is found in veins and contracts to push blood back towards the heart
How does increased venous return support performance?
- More blood will return to the heart so the heart will fill with more blood
- More blood can then be pumped out, increasing stroke volume and therefore cardiac output
- More blood leaving heart means more blood to lungs for more gas exchange
- Therefore more oxygen to working muscles for respiration
- Can exercise aerobically at higher intensities
How can you increase stroke volume using starlings law?
- Increased venous return
- Leads to greater diastolic filling
- Cardiac muscle stretched
- Stronger/more powerful contraction
What are the effects of smoking on the respiratory system?
- Damages the cilia, which causes excess mucus to clog the bronchial space
- Alveoli damaged so loses it’s effectiveness in transferring oxygen to the blood
- Carbon monoxide binds to Hb rather than oxygen
- All leads to reduced gas exchange and transport of oxygen to working muscles
What are the 5 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?
- High number of mitochondria
- High level of myoglobin
- High capillary density
- High levels of triglyceride
- High levels of oxidative enzymes
What is the significance of high levels of oxidative enzymes and triglyeride?
- More enzymes to break down energy sources like glucose and fats
- More fats for energy
What are the 5 characteristics of type 2 muscle fibres?
- More PC stores
- More glycogen
- More anaerobic enzymes
- Larger diameter of fibre
- Larger/faster muscle fibre
What is the significance of a larger diameter of fibre?
More force/explosive strength for activity
Explain wave summation and tetanic contraction?
Wave summation
- Increase in frequency of impulses produces a stronger contraction
- Motor unit unable to relax so force increases
Tetanic contraction
- A sustained muscular contraction caused by a series of nerve stimuli repeated so rapidly that individual muscular responses are fused
- Produces a sustained, powerful tetanic contraction
What is the difference between a isotonic concentric and isotonic eccentric contraction?
Concentric - Muscle shortens as it contracts (lifting motion usually)
Eccentric - Muscle lengthens as it contracts (usually lowering)
During extension, which muscles contract and relax at the hip, knee, ankle and shoulder?
Hip - Hamstrings contract, hip flexors relax
Knee - Quadricep, hamstrings
Ankle (plantar flexion) - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
Shoulder (horizontal extension) - posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid
What movements take place in the sagittal plane, transverse axis, frontal sagittal and transverse longitudinal?
Sagittal transverse - Flexion and extension
Frontal sagittal - abduction and adduction
Transverse long - Horizontal adduction and horizontal abduction
How can a coach ensure successful positive transfer of learning?
1 - Make performer aware of transfer potential, highlighting similar elements of skill, and elements that hinder learning
2 - Ensure original task is well learnt, and plan for progression when learning new skill using practice sessions that are realistic
3 - Eliminate bad habits and ensure performer is confident and motivated
What is insight learning?
- Learning a skill independently
Cognitive - requires problem solving - Focuses on whole activity rather than specific movement patterns
What are the 4 types of guidance and 6 types of feedback?
Guidance - Verbal, visual, manual, mechanical
Feedback - Positive, negative, instrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of results, knowledge of results
