Explain the smooth muscle venous return mechanism
Smooth muscle is found in veins and contracts to push blood back towards the heart
How does increased venous return support performance?
- More blood will return to the heart so the heart will fill with more blood
- More blood can then be pumped out, increasing stroke volume and therefore cardiac output
- More blood leaving heart means more blood to lungs for more gas exchange
- Therefore more oxygen to working muscles for respiration
- Can exercise aerobically at higher intensities
How can you increase stroke volume using starlings law?
- Increased venous return
- Leads to greater diastolic filling
- Cardiac muscle stretched
- Stronger/more powerful contraction
What are the effects of smoking on the respiratory system?
- Damages the cilia, which causes excess mucus to clog the bronchial space
- Alveoli damaged so loses it’s effectiveness in transferring oxygen to the blood
- Carbon monoxide binds to Hb rather than oxygen
- All leads to reduced gas exchange and transport of oxygen to working muscles
What are the 5 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?
- High number of mitochondria
- High level of myoglobin
- High capillary density
- High levels of triglyceride
- High levels of oxidative enzymes
What is the significance of high levels of oxidative enzymes and triglyeride?
- More enzymes to break down energy sources like glucose and fats
- More fats for energy
What are the 5 characteristics of type 2 muscle fibres?
- More PC stores
- More glycogen
- More anaerobic enzymes
- Larger diameter of fibre
- Larger/faster muscle fibre
What is the significance of a larger diameter of fibre?
More force/explosive strength for activity
Explain wave summation and tetanic contraction?
Wave summation
- Increase in frequency of impulses produces a stronger contraction
- Motor unit unable to relax so force increases
Tetanic contraction
- A sustained muscular contraction caused by a series of nerve stimuli repeated so rapidly that individual muscular responses are fused
- Produces a sustained, powerful tetanic contraction
What is the difference between a isotonic concentric and isotonic eccentric contraction?
Concentric - Muscle shortens as it contracts (lifting motion usually)
Eccentric - Muscle lengthens as it contracts (usually lowering)
During extension, which muscles contract and relax at the hip, knee, ankle and shoulder?
Hip - Hamstrings contract, hip flexors relax
Knee - Quadricep, hamstrings
Ankle (plantar flexion) - gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
Shoulder (horizontal extension) - posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid
What movements take place in the sagittal plane, transverse axis, frontal sagittal and transverse longitudinal?
Sagittal transverse - Flexion and extension
Frontal sagittal - abduction and adduction
Transverse long - Horizontal adduction and horizontal abduction
How can a coach ensure successful positive transfer of learning?
1 - Make performer aware of transfer potential, highlighting similar elements of skill, and elements that hinder learning
2 - Ensure original task is well learnt, and plan for progression when learning new skill using practice sessions that are realistic
3 - Eliminate bad habits and ensure performer is confident and motivated
What is insight learning?
- Learning a skill independently
Cognitive - requires problem solving - Focuses on whole activity rather than specific movement patterns
What are the 4 types of guidance and 6 types of feedback?
Guidance - Verbal, visual, manual, mechanical
Feedback - Positive, negative, instrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of results, knowledge of results
What were the 6 characteristics of pre industrial Britain (popular recreation)?
- Communication and transport limited
- Widespread illiteracy
- Big class difference
- Limited free time/space
- Two tier class system
- Countryside/rural living
What were characteristics of athletics in pre industrial britain?
- Played by lower class and paid for by upper class patrons
- Used as a tool to increase social status by upper class
- Used by lower class to make money
- Not regular
What was real tennis?
- Popular recreation/pre industrial
- Upper class males
- Rules
- Regular
- Purpose built facilities
- Technical
What is the golden triangle?
Sport, media business
