Pe Flashcards
What’s a physiological factor
One that acts on your living body and therefore effects you physically
Name some physical effects age has on the body
- Flexibility decreases
- Oxygen carrying capacity decreases
- Reaction time decreases
- Injuries become more common
- Strength increases then decreases
why do we have age divisions
So gifted children can play in a category above them, size of the pitch changes as well as speed and strength increasing
Name the 4 types of disability
Physical, mental, permanent and temporary
Example of an adapted sport
Wheelchair basketball
Example of adapted equipment
Bells inside footballs for blind players
Examples of provisions for the disabled
- Wider parking bays
- disabled toilets
- wider doors
- specific sports put on
- ramps
Name some gender differences
- women tend to have a smaller heart and lungs
- women have an average of 30% more body fat
- women are more flexible
- men are taller, stronger and faster
- women are more effected by hormonal changes
Define culture
The ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular society
Describe the ways a culture of a particular society might influence levels of participations
- Dress codes for certain religions may limit the sports their followers can partake in
- Dietary Guidelines in some religions may prevent a participant from training E.g. Fasting during Ramadan would prevent someone from training due to a lack of energy
What’s a somatotype
It’s a specific body type: endomorph, ectomorph and mesomorph
Describe an endomorph and the sports they would be best at
-Wide hips
-Narrow shoulders
-Lots of fats
-Some muscle
They’d be good at shot-put, wrestling and weight lifting
Describe an ectomorph and the sports they would be best at
-Narrow hips and shoulders
-Thin arms and legs
-Minimal muscle
-Little body fat
They’d be good at long distance running, high jump and basketball
Describe a mesomorph and the sports they would be best at
-Wide shoulders
-Narrow hips
-Heavily muscled
-Low body fat
They’d be good at swimming and sprinting
How does weather effect participation
If it’s too wet, the pitch may be too slippery. If it’s too windy, the ball may be taken away. If it’s too hot, dehydration and heat stroke may effect participation and if it’s too foggy and dark, what’s going on won’t be as clear to see. Also cross country can’t happen on a frozen pitch
How does pollution effect participation
Severe air pollution is a serous health risk so sport must be played indoors
How does altitude effect participation
If you regularly train at a high altitude, it will increase your oxygen carrying capacity. However some will find it harder to breathe, their immune systems will weaken and blood can become thicker, slowing blood flow
How does Humidity effect participation
It can result in dehydration and over heating/heat stroke
How does location affect participation
If a facility is in a rural area less people will access it because there’s less transport routes, people won’t have heard of it and there’s public transport so you’d have to take your own car which you will have to attend to
How does terrain effect participation
Some terrain may be hard o access but suitable for activities such as cycling and skiing
Name a challenging activity and state why it’s challenging
Rock Climbing is challenging because of the steepness, danger, altitude and surface
Examples of risk control
- Organisers and officials know all the rules
- First aid and emergency procedures are put on place
- everyone is wearing the correct equipment with no jewellery and hair tied back
Describe leisure activities
They’re low intensity and don’t require lots of energy to be able to do E.g. Bowls and running
Describe competitive type activities
To be able to take part performers need to train regularly and practice with high level of intensity E.g. hockey and football
Describe socio-economic factors
They combine two different factors
-the social class of an individual
-the amount of income and individual earns
Someone with better finances will be able to do activities which require expensive equipment whereas someone with poor finances will not have those opportunities available to them. Sports which need a lot of time for practise may not be available to people who can’t afford much leisure time
Define amateur
Someone who takes part in a sport as a hobby and doesn’t get paid for doing it
Define Professional
Someone who takes part in sport and gets paid to do it as there job
What is a funding stream
It’s any form of funding a performer is able to obtain. It could be the local authorities giving you free access to the pool or funding from the national lottery
What’s sponsorship
Where performers receive help from sponsors in the form of money or equipment
Define Fatigue
Fatigue is the feeling of extreme mental or physical exhaustion brought on by exertion
Name the effects of fatigue
- Lack of concentration and focus
- Skill level decreases
- Lack of motivation
- More likely for injuries to happen
Define stress
Stress is the bodies reaction to a demand which requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response
Define Motivation
Your drive to succeed and desire and energy to achieve something
Define arousal
The state of readiness of a performer
Name some precautions which need to be taken into account so injury doesn’t occur
-Correct technique
-Safe practice
-Correct clothing
Correct equipment
-Specific finalised rules
-Good code of conduct
-Warm up and cool down
What’s an impact injury
Injury caused when any form of contact occurs
What’s an internal injury
Could be overuse of a muscle, tennis elbow, strains or sprains
What’s a sprain
A sprain is the over stretching or tearing of a joint or ligament
What’s a strain
A strain is the over stretching of a muscle
What’s aerobic exercise and what’s it’s equation
Low intensity work over a long period of time with the presence of oxygen.
Glucose + Oxygen –> energy + carbon dioxide + water
What’s anaerobic exercise and what’s the equation
High intensity work over a short period of time with a lack of oxygen
Glucose –> energy +Lactic acid
List the functions of the blood
- to transport oxygen, glucose and waste products around the body
- to assist in body temperature control
- platelets clot blood
- white blood cells fight disease (pathogens)
Explain oxygen debt
During anaerobic exercise the body runs out of sufficient oxygen supplies so lactic acid builds up in working muscles. During recovery oxygen is repaid to the body by breathing deeply and heavily
Explain the recovery process
These things happen:
- you breathe lots
- perspiration occurs as a form as temperature control
- an effective cool down also removes lactic acid as well as peeing it out
Define the circulatory system
It’s the movement of blood around the body
Define the Cardiovascular system
It’s the circulatory system and the respiratory systems working together
Describe the way the heart works
- Blood enters the right atrium
- The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
- The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and CO2 is deposited
- The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
- The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle and the blood then leaves here through the aorta to go to the res of the body
Describe the properties of the arteries
These have thick walls and carry oxygenated blood at high pressures away from the heart. They have no valves and their walls are more elastic than the walls of veins
Describe the properties of veins
These carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner, less elastic walls than arteries. Veins have valves to ensure the blood doesn’t flow backwards as it’s under a low pressure
Describe the properties of Capillaries
These are microscopic blood vessels which allow carbon dioxide, oxygen and waste products to diffuse through the thin walls
Define Leisure
Leisure is the free time you have when you are not working and when you have no other obligations
Define Recreation
Recreation is the activities you do during leisure time
Explain active leisure
These are active activities people do in their leisure time such as sport and walking
Explain passive leisure
These are the things people do in their free time which do not exert much energy such as gardening, reading and watching TV
Define Intrinsic reward
Something which gives an individual an internal satisfaction achieved by doing something well
Define extrinsic reward
Something done for a particular reward which is clearly visible to others and which can be seen as an achievement
Define health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease
Define fitness
The capability of the body to meet the daily demands made upon it with some comfort
Define general fitness
A level of fitness required for a club standard performer
Define specific fitness
A level of fitness required for an international performer
State the advantages of a healthy lifestyle
- helps provide levels of strength and stamina needed for everyday life such as walking up stairs
- maintains a basic level of flexibility to allow everyday life to be not in discomfort
- enables an individual to maintain a good level of fitness
State some ways to have a healthy lifestyle
- walking/cycling to work
- taking part in active leisure
- eating healthily
- being in a loving and supporting relationship
List the effects of exercise
- the breathing rate and heart rate increase
- body temperature increases
- slight reddening of the skin
- tiredness can be felt in muscles
List the functions of the of the skeletal system
- support- bones provide a framework to support your body
- protection- bones surround areas which could get damaged easily
- movement- muscles attach to your skeleton and the muscles work by bones contracting and relaxing
- Blood production- Blood cells are made in bone marrow